Metal raw material

Furnaces with Two Separate Chambers. The metallic raw material, which can be in large pieces, is fed into the first chamber where it melts. This is connected to the second, electrically heated chamber where distillation takes place in the absence of air. The first version of this type of furnace was constructed by Lundevall [2.78]. 

On the other hand, to accelerate alcoholysis of NaH and KH in solutions of benzene or THF [22.1] - [2.22] - ctyptands are used (which bind alkaline metal into a rather stable chelate complex) [1004], Quite stable, volatile per-fluorotert-butoxides were first obtained in reactions of LiH or NaH with (CF3)3COH they distill at atmospheric pressure at 218 and 232°C, respectively [467] (the application of metals would presumably lead in this case to condensation of Wurtz type). Li and Na hydrides are used as cheaper than metal raw materials for production of the corresponding metal alkoxides. In particular it has been suggested that the equipment used in production of MH could be cleaned from its residue by the mixture ofEtOH and the aromatic hydrocarbon (40 to 60% by volume). After hydrogen evolution is completed the solvent is eliminated under vacuum at < 90°C the residue is MOEt with the content of the main product > 98% [342],... 

During the five decades since the Second World War, more metallic raw materials have been produced than over the entire history of mankind. While the Earth s population has almost doubled between 1959 and 1990, the advancement of the six most important base metals (aluminum, lead, copper, nickel, zinc, tin) has increased more than eight-fold. Contrary to the prognoses from the period between 1950 and the mid-1980s, no substantial bottlenecks have arisen with most ores. An important factor for the continuous availability of metallic raw materials however, is the strong increase in environmental awareness in the past three decades mainly in the industrialized nations, and to a certain extent in the developing countries (Hodges 1995). 

Rao N and Eeldman R (1990) Pharm Res 7 188. Saagee R (1984) Metallic raw materials from antimony to zirconium (in German), pp. 95-98 (Bismuth). Bank von Tobel Zurich. 

Saager R (1984) Metallic Raw materials Dictionary, pp. 135 -138. Bank von Tobel, Zurich. 

Materials and Corrosion, Surface Area Protection in Advanced Chemical Engineering], 1952 -53, 386 and 1954- 55, p. 560. F. Ritter, Korrosions-tabellen metallischer Werkstoffe [Corrosion Tables of Metallic Raw Materials], Vienna, 1944. 

Metallic raw materials are essential ingredients for many high technologies. Some of them are often indispensable for the functioning of high tech products, meaning that it is difficult to find a substitute for them. Since the consumption of these materials increases because of the mass production of such products in both the industrial and newly industrialized coimtries, concerns have been raised about the potential limits to the availability of such resources. A secure supply of such materials is vital for many industries, especially those in countries relying on commodity imports. 

Metal Raw material price [USD/kg] Battery grade material [USD/kg]... 

Zaikov, Y.P.,Khramov, A.P.,Batukhtin, V.P.,Ivanovskiy, L.E., Pazdnikov, I.P., Spitsin, P.E. (1995) Electrolytic production of tantalum from Ta205 dissolved in chloride-fluoride melt. Rare Earth Metals raw material processing, technology of compounds and realated products. International conference. Abstracts, Krasnojarsk, 157-160. 

Kolosov, V.N. (1995) The evaluation of the composition effect on RF characteristics of the NbsSn compound produced by joint electrochemical deposition, Abstracts of International Conference Rare Earth Metals Raw Material, Processing, Technology of Compound and Related Products, Krasnoyarsk, Russia, p.215. 

Vinyl ethers are prepared in a solution process at 150—200°C with alkaH metal hydroxide catalysts (32—34), although a vapor-phase process has been reported (35). A wide variety of vinyl ethers are produced commercially. Vinyl acetate has been manufactured from acetic acid and acetylene in a vapor-phase process using zinc acetate catalyst (36,37), but ethylene is the currently preferred raw material. Vinyl derivatives of amines, amides, and mercaptans can be made similarly. A/-Vinyl-2-pyrroHdinone is a commercially important monomer prepared by vinylation of 2-pyrroHdinone using a base catalyst. 

Cuprous salts catalyze the oligomerization of acetylene to vinylacetylene and divinylacetylene (38). The former compound is the raw material for the production of chloroprene monomer and polymers derived from it. Nickel catalysts with the appropriate ligands smoothly convert acetylene to benzene (39) or 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene (40—42). Polymer formation accompanies these transition-metal catalyzed syntheses. 

Acetylene is used primarily as a raw material for the synthesis of a variety of organic chemicals (see AcETYLENE-DERiVED CHEMICALS). In the United States, this accounts for about 80% of acetylene usage and most of the remainder is used for metal welding or cutting. The chemical markets for acetylene are shrinking as ways are found to substitute lower cost olefins and paraffins for the acetylene, with some products now completely derived from olefinic starting materials. Metalworking appHcations, however, have held up better than chemical uses. 

Air for the hot blast may also be considered a raw material. The air is preheated in stoves to between 900 and 1300°C. Over 1.5 t of air is required to produce 11 of hot metal (pig iron). SoHd, Hquid, or gaseous fuels, eg, coal, fuel oil, or natural gas, may be added to the hot blast at the tuyeres to replace some of the coke. Oxygen may also be added to the hot blast to increase flame temperature. 

Diketones ate used for extraction and identification of metals, and as raw materials for synthesis of heterocycHc compounds. The abiUty of... 

Process. The QSL process (14) is a continuous single-step process having great flexibiUty in regard to the composition of the raw materials. In this process the highly exothermic complete oxidation, ie, the roasting reaction, can be avoided to some extent in favor of a weakly exothermic partial oxidation directly producing metallic lead. However, the yield of lead as metal is incomplete due to partial oxidation of lead to lead oxide. 

The remaining lead must be oxidized and later can be reduced from the slag using carbon. The ratio of metallic lead to lead oxide which depends in part on the type of raw materials to be processed, can be adjusted within certain limits by varying the degree of oxidation. In treating lead-rich concentrates having a lead content of approximately 70%, more than 75% of the lead can be obtained directly as metallic lead. 

Magnesium metal can be manufactured by electrolytic and metaHothermic reduction. The method of choice depends on several variables including raw material availabiUty, location, and integration into other chemical faciUties. Producers and corresponding capacities are shown in Table 2 (see also... 

The retorts must be opened, the reaction products removed, and the retorts filled with raw materials and resealed. The typical cycle is 8—10 hours. Capacity is controlled by the number of retorts used and the number of furnaces available. The metal crowns are removed, remelted, and cast iato iagots, or alloyed and then cast. 

In seawater—dolime and hrine—dolime processes, calcined dolomite or dolime, CaO MgO, is used as a raw material (Table 9). Dolime typically contains 58% CaO, 41% MgO, and less than 1% combined Si02, P O, and CO2 where R is a trivalent metal ion, eg, Al " or Fe " ( 4). Roughly one-half of the magnesia is provided by the magnesium salts in the seawater or brine and the other half is from dolime (75). Plant size is thus reduced using dolime and production cost is probably lower. 

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