Metabolism in fish

Metabolism. There is a paucity of information on PCB metabolism in fish. With the exception of one study of one study (25) metabolites of PCBs in fish have not been identified other than to say they were more polar than the parent compound (26,27,28,29). Also while effect of degree of chlorination on PCB metabolism in fish has been studied (26) effect of chlorine position has not. What is known is that fish in general metabolize PCBs at a slow rate in comparison to mammalian species (29,30,31) and that rate of metabolism appears to be inversely related to degree of chlorination (20,26). Table IV shows percentage of radioactivity... 

Along with degree of chlorination another determinant of PCB metabolism in fish is species. Green sunfish and goldfish rapidly metabolize 2,2, 5-trichlorobiphenyl whereas bullheads and rainbow trout metabolize it slowly (26,29). There is little evidence for PCB metabolism in brook trout fed 4-chloro-, 4,4 -dichloro-, 2,2, 5,5 -tetrachloro- or 2,2, 4,4, 5,5 -hexachloro-biphenyl (31) and this was confirmed in rainbow trout by less than 1% of 2,2, 5,5 -tetrachlorobiphenyl accumulated being recovered as polar metabolites (25). 

Few studies aimed at understanding the effects of pressure on metabolism in fish have been performed in the Black Sea or Sea of Azov because no distinct stratification was found in the distribution of water animals there. The Sea of Azov is saucer-like, its maximum depth being only 15 m, and in the Black Sea the oxygenated water layer extends only to 150 m depth. However, Emeretli (1996) has shown that activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the liver increases 2-10 times in scorpion fish and annular bream placed in a barorespirometer (designed by A. Stolbov) and sunk to a depth of 300 m. This response seems to be peculiar to shallow-water species (Hochachka and Somero, 1984). 

The population coefficients of moderately mobile, as distinct from highly mobile, Black Sea fish decrease to 1.4, and low mobile to 1, i.e. to the approximate values known for standard metabolism. These facts lend emphasis to the importance of conducting experiments in order to substantiate the conversion calculations. It is incorrect to extrapolate experimental data to total metabolism in fish without making direct observations on their motor activity in the natural state (Paloheimo and Dickie, 1966 Beamish, 1968 Brett, 1970 Healy, 1972 Elliott, 1976 Tytler, 1978 Kerr, 1982 Diana,... 

Alekseeva, K.D. (1978). The levels of energy metabolism in fish fry (In Russian). In Elements of Physiology and Biochemistry in Total and Active Metabolism of Fish (G.E. Shulman, ed.), pp.64-68. Naukova Dumka, Kiev. 

Belokopytin, Yu.S. and Shulman, G.E. (1987). On the temperature dependence of energy metabolism in fish of the Black and Azov Seas (In Russian). Gidrobiologicheskii Zhumal 23,61-67. 

Bilyk, T.I. (1989). Impact of environmental factors on the adenyl nucleotide metabolism in fish muscle and liver (In Russian). Gidrobiologicheskii Zhurnal 25, 58-65. 

Black, E.C., Robertson, A.C. and Parker, R.R (1961). Some aspects of carbohydrate metabolism in fish. In Comparative Physiology of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Heterothermic Animals . (A.W. Martin, ed.), pp.89-124. University of Washington Press, Seattle. 

Boulekbache, H. (1981). Energy metabolism in fish development. American Zoologist 21,377-389. 

Dando, P.R. (1969). Lactate metabolism in fish. Journal of the Marine Biological Association UK 49,209-223. 

Fomovsky, M.A. (1981). Influence of the temperature factor of the aquatic environment on thermal metabolism in fish (In Russian). In Proceedings of fifth All-Union Limnological Conference, Irkutsk (G.I. Galazy, ed.), pp.84-85. 

Gershanovich, A.D., Lapin, J.I. and Shatunovsky, M.I. (1991). Characteristics of lipid metabolism in fish (In Russian). Uspekhi Sovremennoy Biologii 111, 207-209. 

Goldstein, L. and Forster, R.P. (1970). Nitrogen metabolism in fishes. In Comparative Biochemistry of Nitrogen Metabolism (J. Campbell, ed.). Vol. 2, pp. 496-515. Academic Press, New York. 

Lyzlova, E.M. and Serebrennikova, T.P. (1983). The study of the enzymes of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism in fish and lamprey (In Russian). Zhurnal Evolutsionnoy Biokhimii i Physiologii 19,222-225. 

Malinovskaya, M.V. (1988). The pathways of carbohydrate metabolism in fish and their temperature adaptation (In Russian). Gydmbiologicheskii Zhumal 24,29-39. 

Mead, J.F. and Kayama, M. (1967). Lipid metabolism in fish. In Fish Oils (M.E. Stansby, ed.), pp. 289-299. Avi Publishing Company, Westport, Connecticut. 

Romanenko, V.D., Evtushenko, N.Yu. and Kotsar, N.I. (1980). Carbon Dioxide Metabolism in Fish (In Russian). Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 179 pp. 

Sergeeva, N.T. (1985). Effect of imbalance of fatty acid and amino acid composition of food on lipid metabolism in rainbow trout (In Russian). In Plastic Metabolism in Fish , pp.15-21, Kaliningrad. 

Turetsky, V.I. (1983). Study of the rates of substance and energy metabolism in fish larvae reared in warm waters (In Russian). Izvestiya Gosudarstvennogo Nauchno-issledovatelskogo Institute Ozemogo i Rechnogo Rybnogo 194,61-69. 

Veltishcheva, I.F. (1970). Study of metabolism in fish using radioactive carbon (In Russian). Trudy VNIRO 69,9-18. 

This equation is valid only for fish with a total lipid content of 4.8% and if the organic chemical is not or only minimal metabolized, f This equation is only valid for organic chemicals which are not or only minimal metabolized in fish and which give no bound residues. 

The metabolism of PCDEs in fish has not been studied much, but apparently the metabolism in fish is low and similar to that of PCBs. Hydroxy-PCDEs were not detected in guppy (Poecilia reticulata) exposed to tri- and tetraCDEs [63]. Low metabolism and slow excretion leads to persistence and bioaccumulation. According to a study of Zitko and Carson [109], tri- through pentaCDEs are somewhat more persistent in fish than the corresponding PCBs. The excretion half-lives of one trichloro (PCDE 28 2,4,4 -), one tetrachloro (PCDE 66 2,3, 4,4 -) and one pentachloro (PCDE 99 2,2, 4,4, 5-) were 15,55, and 55 days in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), respectively. Half-lives of PCDEs were near to those of PCBs. The depuration half-lives of mono- through tetraCDEs have varied from 4 to 63 days in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) [83] and those of tri- through decachlorinated PCDEs between 46 and 100 days in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) [110]. 

Some other recent contributions to the carbohydrate metabolism in fish may also be mentioned the description of the occurrence in fish muscle of the K-activated pyruvic phosphopherase already described in mammalian muscle (Boyer, 1953), the observation of the glycolytic activity of the swim bladder gland (Strittmatter, Ball, and Cooper, 1952), the study of the respiration and glycolysis of the retinal tissues of fishes (De Vincentiis, 1952). 

The xenobiotic is metabolized by the biota and this results in erroneously low concentrations in the biota and hence low BCF values the interdependence of bioconcentration and metabolism in fish is considered in Section 3.1.5, and in a wider context in... 

In addition, analysis of hormone levels in serum samples of white sucker Catostomus commersoni) in Lake Superior have been used to complement measurements of physiological response significant differences in the levels of testosterone and estradiol in females, and of testosterone levels in males have been associated with pollution by bleachery effluents (Munkittrick et al. 1991). It has been observed that feral fish captured from areas exposed to established contamination by PAHs, PCBs, and mercury did not exhibit the increased levels of hydrocortisone normally resulting from capture (Hontela et al. 1992). These results were interpreted as showing the adverse effect on sterol metabolism in fish chronically exposed to such pollutants. Collectively, such data draw attention to the subtler effects of exposure to xenobiotics. 

BIOACCUMULATION Fish BCF (in muscle of Starry flounder) 700 after 1 week exposure, 240 after 2 weeks, 100 after 1 week depuration, 270 after 2 week depuration BCF (in muscle of Coho salmon) 20 after 2 week exposure, 50 after 3 weeks, 80 after 5 weeks, 40 after 6 weeks BCF (Atlantic salmon eggs, 168hr) 82.5 moderate bioconcentration, however depuration is rapid when the organism is placed in water free of the pollutant readily metabolized in fish more data in referenced sources... 

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