Carbon dioxide metabolism

Adjustment of bacteria following the environmental changes initiated by 02 especially, for example, new nitrogen and carbon dioxide metabolism which frequently took place in particular cells, chemotypes and their species. Novel metabolic paths avoided dangerous intermediate products from nitrate and sulfate on the way to H2S and NH3, using Mo and Fe (see Table 6.8). 

Romanenko, V.D., Evtushenko, N.Yu. and Kotsar, N.I. (1980). Carbon Dioxide Metabolism in Fish (In Russian). Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 179 pp. 

Manganese ions, Mn2+ Present in some enzymes, it activates blood haemoglobin synthesis, urea formation, growth, reproduction processes and release of insulin. Manganese ions also take part in enzyme control in the brain Zinc ions, Zn2+ Small quantities help carbon dioxide metabolism and removal. Zinc is... 

Rieley G., Collister J. W., Stern B., and Eglinton G. (1993) Gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry of leaf wax n-aUcanes from plants of differing carbon dioxide metabolisms. Rapid Commun. Mass. Spectrom. 7, 488-491. 

Colhster JW, Rieley GR, Stern B, Eghnton G, Pry B (1994) Compound-specific d C analyses of leaf hpids from plants with differing carbon dioxide metabolisms. Org Geochem 21(6-7) 619-627... 

COLLISTER J. W., Rieley G., Stern B., Eglinton G. andpRY B. (1994) Compound-specific S C analyses of leaf lipids from plants with differing carbon dioxide metabolism. Org. Geochem. 21, 619 627. 

Dittrich, ., Huber, W. Carbon dioxide metabolism in members of the Chlamydospermae. Int. Congr. Photosynth. Avron,M. (ed.), pp. 1573-1578. Amsterdam, Netherlands Elsevier Sci. Publ. 1974... 

Harris, P. J. C., Wilkins, M.B. Evidence of phytochrom involvement in the entrainment of the circadian rhythm of carbon dioxide metabolism in Bryophyllum, Planta 138, 271-278 (1978)... 

During the first hours of anaerobiosis, the berry tissues to absorb carbon dioxide. Metabolic pathways make use of this dissolved CO2. Using CO2 marked with it has been demonstrated that the gas is integrated not only into varions substrates, malic acid and amino acids, but also into sugar and alcohol. The volume of carbon dioxide dissolved into the berry in this manner is temperature dependent. It represents 10% of berry volume at 35°C, 30% at 20°C and 50% at 15°C (Flanzy etal., 1987). 

Braun M, Mayer F, Gottschalk G (1981) Clostridium aceticum (Wieringa) a microorganism producing acetic add from molecular hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Arch Microbiol 128 288-293 Brown AT, Breeding LC (1980) Carbon dioxide metabolism by Actinomyces viscosus path > ys for succinate and aspartate production. Infect Immun 28 82-91... 

A substantial fraction of the named enzymes are oxido-reductases, responsible for shuttling electrons along metabolic pathways that reduce carbon dioxide to sugar (in the case of plants), or reduce oxygen to water (in the case of mammals). The oxido-reductases that drive these processes involve a small set of redox active cofactors , that is, small chemical groups that gain or lose electrons. These cofactors include iron porjDhyrins, iron-sulfur clusters and copper complexes as well as organic species that are ET active. 

Sorbic acid is metabolized to carbon dioxide and water ia the same way as other fatty acids, releasiag 27.6 kj/g sorbate (6.6 kcal/g) (165). As a result of the favorable toxicological and physiological aspects, the World Health Organization (WHO) has allowed sorbic acid at the highest acceptable daily iatake of all food preservatives, 25 mg/kg body weight (178). 

Sutures are required to hold tissues together until the tissues can heal adequately to support the tensions exerted on the wound duting normal activity. Sutures can be used ia skin, muscle, fat, organs, and vessels. Nonabsorbable sutures are designed to remain ia the body for the life of the patient, and are iadicated where permanent wound support is required. Absorbable sutures are designed to lose strength gradually over time by chemical reactions such as hydrolysis. These sutures are ultimately converted to soluble components that are then metabolized and excreted ia urine or feces, or as carbon dioxide ia expired air. Absorbable sutures are iadicated only where temporary wound support is needed. 

Physiological Role of Citric Acid. Citric acid occurs ia the terminal oxidative metabolic system of virtually all organisms. This oxidative metabohc system (Fig. 2), variously called the Krebs cycle (for its discoverer, H. A. Krebs), the tricarboxyUc acid cycle, or the citric acid cycle, is a metaboHc cycle involving the conversion of carbohydrates, fats, or proteins to carbon dioxide and water. This cycle releases energy necessary for an organism s growth, movement, luminescence, chemosynthesis, and reproduction. The cycle also provides the carbon-containing materials from which cells synthesize amino acids and fats. Many yeasts, molds, and bacteria conduct the citric acid cycle, and can be selected for thek abiUty to maximize citric acid production in the process. This is the basis for the efficient commercial fermentation processes used today to produce citric acid. 

Except as an index of respiration, carbon dioxide is seldom considered in fermentations but plays important roles. Its participation in carbonate equilibria affects pH removal of carbon dioxide by photosynthesis can force the pH above 10 in dense, well-illuminated algal cultures. Several biochemical reactions involve carbon dioxide, so their kinetics and equilibrium concentrations are dependent on gas concentrations, and metabolic rates of associated reactions may also change. Attempts to increase oxygen transfer rates by elevating pressure to get more driving force sometimes encounter poor process performance that might oe attributed to excessive dissolved carbon dioxide. 

Bacterial Photosynthesis A light-dependent, anaerobic mode of metabolism. Carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose, which is used for both biosynthesis and energy production. Depending on the hydrogen source used to reduce COj, both photolithotrophic and photoorganotrophic reactions exist in bacteria. 

Carbon dioxide production Rate at which the pulmonary bloodstream transports carbon dioxide, produced by metabolic processes, to the pulmonary airstream. 

The second method is by use of the heart rate. The total heart rate is regarded as a sum of several components and, in general, is linearly related to the metabolic heat production for heart rates above 120 beats per minute. Heat stress will, however, also increase the heat rate. The third method is to calculate the metabolic heat production from measures of oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide production during activity and recovery. 

Carbon dioxide (CO2) The gas formed by complete combustion of carbon-containing substances. Also a product of the metabolic process. 

Carbon dioxide production The quantity of carbon dioxide exhaled from the human body, depends on the metabolic rate. 

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