Melamine-phenol formaldehyde resin

The term aminoplastics has been coined to cover a range of resinous polymers produced by interaction of amines or amides with aldehydes. Of the various polymers of this type that have been produced there are two of current commercial importance in the field of plastics, the urea-formaldehyde and the melamine-formaldehyde resins. There has in the past also been some commercial interest in aniline-formaldehyde resins and in systems containing thiourea but today these are of little or no importance. Melamine-phenol-formaldehyde resins have also been introduced for use in moulding powders, and benzoguanamine-based resins are used for surface coating applications. 

Moulding powders based on melamine-phenol-formaldehyde resins were introduced by Bakelite Ltd, in the early 1960s. Some of the principal physical properties of mouldings from these materials are given in Table 24.1. 

Resins prepared by Timberlake [1] consisting of benzoguanamine-modified phenol-formaldehyde or melamine-phenol-formaldehyde resins were treated with tris(4-methoxy- phenyl)phosphine oxide to prepare coatings in printed circuit boards. Isomeric mixtures of tris(2-hydroxyphenyl)-phosphine oxide compounds were also converted into resins by Brennan [2] by reacting with tris(4-methoxy-phenyl)phos-phine oxide derivatives. 

Medium-density polyethylene (ca. 0.93-0.94 g/cm ) Melamine-formaldehyde resin Melamine-phenol-formaldehyde resin... 

Particleboards Wood particles, shives of flax flakes, saw dust, bagasse, hemp, kenaf, jute, cereal straw, coconut coir, corn and cotton stalks, rice husks, vetiver roots, and other fiber sources Urea, melamine, phenol formaldehyde resin, isocyanate, resorcinol, vinyl polyacetate resins and natural polymers, tannins, protein, casein, soybeans, modified starch, lignin activated by enzymatic system polylactic and polyhydroxyhutyric acid... 

Amino and Phenolic Resins. The largest use of formaldehyde is in the manufacture of urea—formaldehyde, phenol—formaldehyde, and melamine—formaldehyde resins, accounting for over one-half (51%) of the total demand (115). These resins find use as adhesives for binding wood products that comprise particle board, fiber board, and plywood. Plywood is the largest market for phenol—formaldehyde resins particle board is the largest for urea—formaldehyde resins. Under certain conditions, urea—formaldehyde resins may release formaldehyde that has been alleged to create health or environmental problems (see Amino RESINS AND PLASTICS). 

Amino resins are thermosetting polymers made by combining an aldehyde with a compound containing an amino (—NH2) group. Urea—formaldehyde (U/F) accounts for over 80% of amino resins melamine—formaldehyde accounts for most of the rest. Other aldehydes and other amino compounds are used to a very minor extent. The first commercially important amino resin appeared about 1930, or some 20 years after the introduction of phenol—formaldehyde resins and plastics (see Phenolic resins). 

MUPF melamine-urea-phenol-formaldehyde-resin. 

Melamine resins [1617] and phenol-formaldehyde resins [1620] can be gelled in situ to reduce the permeability. Various classes of polymers can be gelled by similar principles [882]. 

Thermosets differ molecularly from thermoplastics in that their individual chains are anchored to one another through crosslinks. The resulting network creates cohesive materials that demonstrate better thermal stability, rigidity, and dimensional stability than thermoplastics. Some examples of traditional thermosets are melamine-formaldehyde resins, which are used to treat fabrics to make them wrinkle-free, and Bakelite (a phenol-formaldehyde resin), a historically important polymer used in many applications, such as costume jewelry, electrical switches, and radio casings. 

Phenol-formaldehyde resins (237, 238), urea-formaldehyde resins (239,240), melamine-formaldehyde resins (241), furfuryl... 

Melamine formaldehyde Melamine phenolic Nitrile resins Phenolics Polyamides Nylon 6 Nylon 6/6 Nylon 6/9 Nylon 6/12 Nylon 11 Nylon 12 Aromatic nylons Poly(amide-imide)... 

Coreactants, in microencapsulation, 16 444 Coreactive curing agents, 10 388-389, 392-411, 418. See also Curing agents amine functional, 10 392 401 carboxylic functional polyester and anhydride, 10 401—406 cyanate ester, 10 411 cyclic amidine, 10 410 isocyanate, 10 410 melamine-, urea-, and phenol-formaldehyde resins,... 

In far too many instances trade-name polymer nomenclature conveys very little meaning regarding the structure of a polymer. Many condensation polymers, in fact, seem not to have names. Thus the polymer obtained by the step polymerization of formaldehyde and phenol is variously referred to a phenol-formaldehyde polymer, phenol-formaldehyde resin, phenolic, phenolic resin, and phenoplast. Polymers of formaldehyde or other aldehydes with urea or melamine are generally referred to as amino resins or aminoplasts without any more specific names. It is often extremely difficult to determine which aldehyde and which amino monomers have been used to synthesize a particular polymer being referred to as an amino resin. More specific nomenclature, if it can be called that, is afforded by indicating the two reactants as in names such as urea-formaldehyde resin or melamine-formaldehyde resin. 

Polyacrylates Polyacrylamides Polydimethylsiloxane Polydimethylphenylsiloxane Phenol-formaldehyde resins Urea-formaldehyde resins Melamine-formaldehyde resins DNA... 

The first synthetic plastics were the phenol-formaldehyde resins introduced by Baekeland in 1907 [1], Melamine and urea also react with formaldehyde to form intermediate methylol compounds which condense to cross-linked polymers much like phenol-formaldehyde resins. Paper, cotton fabric, wood flour or other forms of cellulose have long been used to reinforce these methylol-functional polymers. Methylol groups react with hydroxyl groups of cellulose to form stable ether linkages to bond filler to polymers. Cellulose is so compatible with these resins that no one thought of an interface between them, and the term reinforced composites was not even used to describe these reinforced systems. 

Melamine formaldehyde Melamine phenolic Nitrile resins Phenolics... 

MC MDI MEKP MF MMA MPEG MPF NBR NDI NR OPET OPP OSA PA PAEK PAI PAN PB PBAN PBI PBN PBS PBT PC PCD PCT PCTFE PE PEC PEG PEI PEK PEN PES PET PF PFA PI PIBI PMDI PMMA PMP PO PP PPA PPC PPO PPS PPSU Methyl cellulose Methylene diphenylene diisocyanate Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide Melamine formaldehyde Methyl methacrylate Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether Melamine-phenol-formaldehyde Nitrile butyl rubber Naphthalene diisocyanate Natural rubber Oriented polyethylene terephthalate Oriented polypropylene Olefin-modified styrene-acrylonitrile Polyamide Poly(aryl ether-ketone) Poly(amide-imide) Polyacrylonitrile Polybutylene Poly(butadiene-acrylonitrile) Polybenzimidazole Polybutylene naphthalate Poly(butadiene-styrene) Poly(butylene terephthalate) Polycarbonate Polycarbodiimide Poly(cyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate) Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Polyethylene Chlorinated polyethylene Poly(ethylene glycol) Poly(ether-imide) Poly(ether-ketone) Polyethylene naphthalate Polyether sulfone Polyethylene terephthalate Phenol-formaldehyde copolymer Perfluoroalkoxy resin Polyimide Poly(isobutylene), Butyl rubber Polymeric methylene diphenylene diisocyanate Poly(methyl methacrylate) Poly(methylpentene) Polyolefins Polypropylene Polyphthalamide Chlorinated polypropylene Poly(phenylene oxide) Poly(phenylene sulfide) Poly(phenylene sulfone)... 

In 1973, over 500 million solid pounds of phenol-formaldehyde resin were used in the manufacture of softwood plywood in the U. S. A. About 60 million solid pounds of urea-melamine-formaldehyde resin were consumed in the hardwood plywood industry. 

Pentaerythritol, monomer, dimer, trimer Phenol-formaldehyde resins Methylol melamine... 

The natural product comprises veneers of real wood which have been sorted and joined edge-to-edge (for example, by stitching), and bonded under heat and pressure to layers of kraft paper impregnated with phenol-formaldehyde resin. A barrier layer immediately below the veneer is impregnated with melamine-formaldehyde resin and prevents upward migration of the darker phenolic resin. 

In dry conditions decorative laminates will shrink, and in damp they will expand unless suitable precautions are taken the associated movements can give rise to stress cracking of laminates and the bowing of composite boards. Since the phenol-formaldehyde resins are more stable in this respect than melamine-formaldehyde, laminates with phenolic kraft cores have dimensional stability better than those with melamine core papers—and thick laminates incorporating many plies of phenolic core paper are more stable than thin laminates with fewer plies. 

Alkyd and polyester resins, epoxy compounds, phenol-formaldehyde resin, urea and/or melamine-aldehyde resin, cyclic urea resin, carbamide acid ester formaldehyde resin, ketone formaldehyde resin, polyurethane, polyvinylester, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride and polymer mixtures, polyethylene, polystryrene, styrene mixtures and graft copolymers, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyvinyl ether, polyacrylic and methacrylic acid esters, polyvinyl flouride, polyvinylidene chloride copolymers, UV and/or electron irradiated lacquers. 

These resins are used to make unbreakable plastic plates and for the famous kitchen surface Formica . Partly polymerized melamine-formaldehyde mixtures are layered with other polymers such as cellulose (Chapter 49) and phenol-formaldehyde resins and the polymerization is completed under pressure with heat, The result is the familiar, tough, heat-resistant surface. 

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