Polyamide Phenolics

Products of polymerized vegetable oil acids and polyamines, which are highly branched liquid polyamides, are mixed with phenolic resins to produce a thermosetting composition with a wide range of properties. Cure usually is accomplished in 60 min at 300°F. The reaction involves the condensation between methylol groups and amine groups. 

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Figure 5.47 Synthesis of polybenzoxazole with isolation of polyamide phenol intermediate.

Polyamides Phenols, formic acid, Alcohols, hydrocarbons,... 

Polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide Phenol-formaldehyde-cured rubber styrenated polyester Polyimide (ladder molecules) Polyethylene terephthalate Terylene, cellulose acetate Chloroprene rubber, polyisoprene Heat-resistant polymers... 

Polyester Adhesives used include neoprene or nitrile-phenolic, epoxy, epoxy-polyamide, phenolic-epoxies, polyesters, modified acrylics, cyanoacrylates, polyurethanes, butyl rubber, polyisobutylene, neoprene, and polymethylmethacrylate (1). 

Epoxy Melamine Polyamide Phenolic Polybutadiene Polyester Polyethylene Polypropylene Polyvinylchloride Urethane Epoxy, amine Amine Epoxy, amine Epoxy, amine Vinyl, methacryl, mercapto Vinyl, methacryl Vinyl, methacryl Methacryl Mercapto, amine Methacryl, mercapto, amine... 

Electrical and electronic products such as computers, cell phones, TVs, and stereos are becoming a more visible part of the MSW. Some of the resins used in electronic products are PS, HIPS, ABS, PC, PP, PU, PV, PVC, polyamides, phenol formaldehyde, and blends of some of these polymers. Several technologies are being developed for the separation of different plastic types. Since the electronic parts are made from many engineering plastics, and with many different additives, it is more difficult to identify and separate the individual resins. 

Typical adhesives in each class are Liquids 1. Solvent—polyester, vinyl, phenolics acrylics, rubbers, epoxies, polyamide 2. Water—acrylics, rubber-casein 3. Anaerobics—cyanoacrylate 4. Mastics—rubbers, epoxies 5. Hot melts-polyamides, PE, PS, PVA 6. Film—epoxies, polyamide, phenolics 7. Pressure-sensitive—rubbers. 

A polymer obtained in step-growth polymerization, often accompanied by elimination of small molecules (e.g., water). Polyesters, polyamides, phenol-, melamine-, and urea-formaldehyde resins are typical condensation polymers. 

Polyamide Phenol, resorcinol or cresols in aqueous or alcohohc solutions, calcium chloride in alcohohc solution... 

Polymers. AH nitro alcohols are sources of formaldehyde for cross-linking in polymers of urea, melamine, phenols, resorcinol, etc (see Amino RESINS AND PLASTICS). Nitrodiols and 2-hydroxymethyl-2-nitro-l,3-propanediol can be used as polyols to form polyester or polyurethane products (see Polyesters Urethane polymers). 2-Methyl-2-nitro-l-propanol is used in tires to promote the adhesion of mbber to tire cord (qv). Nitro alcohols are used as hardening agents in photographic processes, and 2-hydroxymethyl-2-nitro-l,3-propanediol is a cross-linking agent for starch adhesives, polyamides, urea resins, or wool, and in tanning operations (17—25). Wrinkle-resistant fabric with reduced free formaldehyde content is obtained by treatment with... 

Other disazo dyes with good substantivity and high wet-fastness properties on polyamides are Acid Red 114 (40), made by coupling o-toHdine to phenol which is then coupled to G-acid, followed by reaction of the phenoHc hydroxyl group with -toluenesulfonyl chloride, and Acid Blue 113 (41) (metanilic acid — 1-naphthylamine — 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid). 

Caprolactam [105-60-2] (2-oxohexamethyleiiiiriiQe, liexaliydro-2J -a2epin-2-one) is one of the most widely used chemical intermediates. However, almost all of the aimual production of 3.0 x 10 t is consumed as the monomer for nylon-6 fibers and plastics (see Fibers survey Polyamides, plastics). Cyclohexanone, which is the most common organic precursor of caprolactam, is made from benzene by either phenol hydrogenation or cyclohexane oxidation (see Cyclohexanoland cyclohexanone). Reaction with ammonia-derived hydroxjlamine forms cyclohexanone oxime, which undergoes molecular rearrangement to the seven-membered ring S-caprolactam. 

The thermoplastic or thermoset nature of the resin in the colorant—resin matrix is also important. For thermoplastics, the polymerisation reaction is completed, the materials are processed at or close to their melting points, and scrap may be reground and remolded, eg, polyethylene, propjiene, poly(vinyl chloride), acetal resins (qv), acryhcs, ABS, nylons, ceUulosics, and polystyrene (see Olefin polymers Vinyl polymers Acrylic ester polymers Polyamides Cellulose ESTERS Styrene polymers). In the case of thermoset resins, the chemical reaction is only partially complete when the colorants are added and is concluded when the resin is molded. The result is a nonmeltable cross-linked resin that caimot be reworked, eg, epoxy resins (qv), urea—formaldehyde, melamine—formaldehyde, phenoHcs, and thermoset polyesters (qv) (see Amino resins and plastics Phenolic resins). 

Carothers also produced a number of aliphatic linear polyesters but these did not fulfil his requirements for a fibre-forming polymer which were eventually met by the polyamide, nylon 66. As a consequence the polyesters were discarded by Carothers. However, in 1941 Whinfield and Dickson working at the Calico Printers Association in England announced the discovery of a fibre from poly(ethylene terephthalate). Prompted by the success of such a polymer, Farbenfabriken Bayer initiated a programme in search of other useful polymers containing aromatic rings in the main chain. Carbonic acid derivatives were reacted with many dihydroxy compounds and one of these, bis-phenol A, produced a polymer of immediate promise. 

The most common aerospace adhesives include nitrile epoxy systems, epoxy polyamides, epoxy phenolics, and various unmodified epoxies [18]. Polyimides... 

Therefore it is possible to determine absorption spectra directly on the TLC plate by comparison with a substance-free portion of the layer. The wavelengths usually correspond to the spectra of the same substances in solution. However, adsorbents (silanols, amino and polyamide groups) and solvent traces (pH differences) can cause either bathochromic (ketones, aldehydes [60, 61], dyestuffs [62]) or hypsochromic (phenols, aniline derivatives [63]) shifts (Fig. 23). 

Though less prevalent than addition polymerization, condensation polymerization produces important polymers such as polyesters, polyamides (nylons), polycarbonates, polyurethanes, and phenol-formaldehyde resins (Chapter 12). 

The effect of iron oxide, zinc oxide and red lead on the percentage of D areas has been determined. Three vehicles were used, a pentaerythritol alkyd, a tung oil phenolic and an epoxy polyamide" . In the case of iron oxide, the D areas increased with all three vehicles in contrast zinc oxide had very little effect on the percentage D areas. However, red lead when dispersed in the alkyd and tung oil vehicles behaved in a similar way to iron oxide, whereas red lead when dispersed in the epoxypolyamide vehicle had very little effect. 

Polyamides (nylons) The main types of nylon are oil and petrol resistant, but on the other hand susceptible to high water absorption and to hydrolysis. There are a few solvents such as phenol, cresol and formic acid. Special grades include a water-soluble nylon, amorphous copolymers and low molecular weight grades used in conjunction with epoxide resins. Transparent amorphous polyamides are also now available. 

Thermoset Plastics Alkyd, amino resin, thermosetting acrylic resin, casein, epoxy, phenolic, polyester, polyamide, silicone. 

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