Medial cortex

Lewis, P. R. and Shute, C. C. D. (1967) The cholinergic limbic system projections to hippocampal formation, medial cortex, nuclei of the ascending cholinergic reticular system and the subfornical organ and supra-optic crest. Brain, 90,521-540. 

Some fractures may be reduced by closed manipulation and stabilisedby percutaneous K-wires. Evaluation of fracture reduction may be aided by intraoperative arthrogram. The most stable and therefore ideal configuration of K-wires is for a common entry point on the lateral edge of the condyle, with one wire running transversely to the medial condyle, and the second at about 60 aiming at the medial cortex above the olecranon fossa. 

Beckstead, R. M., 1976, Convergent thalamic and mesencephalic projections to the anterior medial cortex in the rat,/. Comp. Neurol. 166 403-416. 

When orally administered to a transgenic mouse model (Tg 19959) of Alzheimer s disease at a dosage of 300 mg/kg for 45 days, resveratrol reduces plaque formation mainly in medial cortex (—48%), striatum (—89%), and hypothalamus ( 90%) without alterations in APP processing or SlRT-1 activatirai [84]. 

Type A2 fracture has a fracture line pattern identical to that Type A1 fracture however, the medial cortex is multifragments. It is subdivided into A2.1 fracture, with one intermediate fragment(lesser trochanter) A2.2 fracture, with two fragments and A2.3 fracture, with more than two intermediate fragments. Clinical A2.2 and A2.3 is difficult to identify. In this study is combined to count. 

Two AT-II receptors, AT and AT2 are known and show wide distribution (27). The AT receptor has been cloned and predominates ia regions iavolved ia the regulation of blood pressure and water and sodium retention, eg, the aorta, Hver, adrenal cortex, and ia the CNS ia the paraventricular nucleus, area postrema, and nucleus of the soHtary tract. AT2 receptors are found primarily ia the adrenal medulla, utems, and ia the brain ia the locus coeruleus and the medial geniculate nucleus. AT receptors are GCPRs inhibiting adenylate cyclase activity and stimulating phosphoHpases C, A2, and D. AT2 receptors use phosphotyrosiae phosphatase as a transduction system. 

The temporal lobe is the inferior middle portion of the cerebral cortex of both hemispheres. The temporal lobes are involved in the analysis of visual and acoustic information and in memory formation. The hippocampus is part of the inner, medial side of the temporal lobes. 

Fig. 8.1 Rostrocaudal neuroanatomical distribution of CCR5-immunoreactivity in the telencephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon using a CCR5 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Regions corresponding to pictures are depicted in coronal diagrams taken from the Paxinos and Watson (1998). (a, b) M Motor cortex, (c, d) CPu caudate putamen (striatum), (e,t)SID substantia innominata dorsal part, (g, h) GP globus pallidus, (i, j)Me medial amygdaloid...

Figure 7.5 Rate recording of the dose-dependent inhibitory effects of apomorphine (pg/kg) on the spontaneous activity of a neuron in the medial prefrontal cortex of the halothane anaesthetised rat and its antagonism by haloperidol (HAL, 0.5mg/kg). Time scale is 50 min intervals. Reproduced by permission from Dailey (1992)...

In other brain areas which receive a DA input, such as the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex, it appears to be inhibitory and predominently D2-mediated. This is clear from Fig. 7.5 which shows inhibition by apomorphine (mixed D2, Di agonists) of the firing of neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex of the anaesthetised rat and its antagonism by the D2 antagonist haloperidol. 

To some extent, this proposal is supported by microdialysis studies of changes in 5-HT efflux in the terminal fields of 5-HT neurons. For instance, increased 5-HT efilux in the striatum, induced by immobilisation of rats, occurs only during the period of increased motor activity that follows the animals release (Takahashi et al. 1998). A single swim stress also fails to increase 5-HT efflux in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats. 

Both amphetamine and cocaine have also been reported to support intracranial self-administration in the mesolimbic/mesocortical dopaminergic system. Rats will self-administer cocaine into the medial prefrontal cortex (Goeders and Smith 1983). while amphetamine is self-administered into the orbitofrontal cortex of rhesus monkeys (Phillips and Rolls 1981) and the nucleus accumbens of rats (Hoebel et al. 1983 Monaco et al. 1981). These data indicate that the mesolimbic/mesocortical dopaminergic system is involved in the initiation of stimulant reinforcement processes, and this work suggests that the region of the nucleus accumbens, more specifically the mesolimbic dopamine system, may be an important substrate for reinforcing properties of several psychomotor stimulant drugs. 

Fig. 2.19 Central pathways and nuclei, (a) Frog AOS Pl/Pm = lateral and medial pallium EP = post, olfactory eminence and nSm = medial Septal nucleus (from Kratskin, 1995). Reptiles and mammals-—afferent pathways from AOB to amygdala nuclei (Cortical C3 and Medial M), with tertiary connections to other central nuclei in hypothalamus (MPOA, VMH and PMN) (from Johnston, 2000). (b) Snake AOS Second-order projection of accessory fibres nAOT - nucleus of AOT AM = anterior amygdala and nSph = nucleus Sphericus. (c) Mammal AOS Projection sites of vomeronasal fibres in cortex and hypothalamus (from Johnston, 1998).

Lena, I., Parrot, S., Deschaux, O. et al. (2005). Variations in extracellular levels of dopamine, noradrenaline, glutamate, and aspartate across the sleep - wake cycle in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats. J. Neurosci. Res. 81, 891-9. 

Devoto P., Flore G., Saba P Fa M., Gessa G. (2005). Stimulation of the locus coeruleus elicits noradrenaline and dopamine release in the medial prefrontal and parietal cortex. J. Neurochem. 92, 368-74. 

Tzschentke T., Schmidt W. (2000). Functional relationship among medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and ventral tegmental area in locomotion and reward. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 14, 131-42. 

McQuade Sharp (1997) tested whether electrical stimulation of the DRN or the MRN releases 5-HT in rat forebrain regions in a pattern that correlates with the distribution of 5-HT projections from the serotonergic nuclei. Stimulation of the DRN evoked the release of 5-HT in the frontal cortex, dorsal striatum, globus pallidus, and ventral hippocampus. Conversely, 5-HT release in dialysates collected from the dorsal and ventral hippocampus and the medial septum was increased in response to MRN stimulation. Thus, the functional mapping of DRN... 

Pehec, E. A., McFarlane, H. G., Maguschak, K., Price, B. Pluto, C. P. (2001). M100.907, a selective 5-HT2A antagonist, attenuates dopamine release in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Brain Res. 888, 51-9. 

We recently demonstrated that CGS21680, an adenosine A2aR agonist, inhibited histamine release in both the frontal cortex and medial POA in a dose-dependent manner, and increased GABA release specifically in the TMN but not... 

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