Microdialysis studies

Howard SG, Feigenbaum JJ Effect of gamma-hydroxybutyrate on central dopamine release in vivo a microdialysis study in awake and anesthetized animals. Biochem Pharmacol 33 103-110, 1997... 

Even if this turns out to be the case, it is likely that noradrenergic neurons in different brain regions make different contributions to this process. This complication is suggested by the results of a recent microdialysis study in which release of noradrenaline in response to the sound of a buzzer alone was provoked after repeated... 

McQuade, R and Stanford, SC (2000) A microdialysis study of the noradrenergic response in rat frontal cortex and hypothalamus to a conditioned cue for aversive, naturalistic environmental stimuli. Psychopharmacology 148 201-208. 

To some extent, this proposal is supported by microdialysis studies of changes in 5-HT efflux in the terminal fields of 5-HT neurons. For instance, increased 5-HT efilux in the striatum, induced by immobilisation of rats, occurs only during the period of increased motor activity that follows the animals release (Takahashi et al. 1998). A single swim stress also fails to increase 5-HT efflux in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats. 

An important distinction between the effects of sibutramine and i/-fenfluramine is highlighted by microdialysis studies (Heal et al. 1998). These show that the rate of increase in 5-HT efflux in the region of the PVN, after administration of sibutramine, is slow, progressive and long-lasting. This is because it relies on the accumulation of extracellular 5-HT following the inhibition of its reuptake after impulse-dependent release. This time-course contrasts with the rapid and transient increase in 5-HT efflux which results from the fenfluramine type of impulse-independent release from nerve terminals. In fact, this rapid increase in 5-HT release is thought to underlie the serious adverse side-effects of (i-fenfluramine that have led to its withdrawal from the clinic. 

Petty, F, Jordan, S, Kramer, GL, Zukas, PK and Wu, J (1997) Benzodiazepine prevention of swim-stress induced sensitization of cortical biogenic amines an in vivo microdialysis study. Neurochem. Res. 22 1101-1104. 

Measurements of noradrenaline release in animals have not helped to resolve this confusion. Microdialysis studies in vivo have confirmed that anxiogenic doses of... 

Done, CJ and Sharp, T (1994) Biochemical evidence for the regulation of central noradrenergic activity by 5-HTia and 5-HT2 receptors Microdialysis studies in the awake and anaesthetised rat. Neuropharmacology 33 411-421. 

Portas, CM, Bjorvatn, B and Ursin, R (2000) Serotonin and the sleep-wake cycle special emphasis on microdialysis studies. Prog. Neurobiol. 60 13-35. 

Kala SV, Jadhav AL. 1995b. Low level lead exposure decreases in vivo release of dopamine in the rat nucleus accumbens A microdialysis study. J Neurochem 65 1631-1635. 

Porkka-Heiskanen, T., Strecker, R. E. McCarley, R. W. (2000). Brain site-specificity of extracellular adenosine concentration changes during sleep deprivation and spontaneous sleep an in vivo microdialysis study. Neuroscience 99, 507-17. 

Adenosinergic inhibition of basal forebrain wakefulness-active neurons a simultaneous unit recording and microdialysis study in freely behaving cats. Neuroscience 122, 1107 13. 

Kodama, T., Lai, Y. Y. 8r Siegel, J. M. (2003). Changes in inhibitory amino acid release linked to pontine-induced atonia an in vivo microdialysis study. J. Neurosci 23, 1548-54. 

EEG slow waves. The differential EEG and ACh responses to dialysis delivery of AF-DX 116 (M2/M4) versus pirenzepine (M1/M4) supports the conclusion that, in B6 mouse, postsynaptic muscarinic receptors of the Ml subtype form one receptor mechanism by which ACh activates the EEG (Douglas et al, 2002a). The data summarized in Fig. 5.11 provide direct measures of G protein activation in basal forebrain and prefrontal cortex by muscarinic cholinergic receptors (DeMarco et al, 2004). The in vitro data of Fig. 5.11A indicate the presence of functional muscarinic receptors in regions of B6 mouse prefrontal cortex where in vivo microdialysis studies (Douglas et al, 2002a, b) revealed modulation of ACh release and EEG by pre- and postsynaptic muscarinic receptors (Figs. 5.9 and 5.10). 

Strecker, R. E., Nalwalk, J., Dauphin, L. J. et al. (2002). Extracellular histamine levels in the feline preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area during natural sleep-wakefulness and prolonged wakefulness an in vivo microdialysis study. Neuroscience 113, 663-70. 

Iwakiri, H., Matsuyama, K. Mori, S. (1993). Extracellular levels of serotonin in the medial pontine reticular formation in relation to sleep-wake cycle in cats a microdialysis study. Neurosci. Res. 18, 157-70. 

Portas, C. M., Thakkar, M., Rainnie, D. G., Greene, R. W. McCarley, R. W. (1997). Role of adenosine in behavioral state modulation a microdialysis study in the freely moving cat. Neuroscience 79, 225-35. 

Thakkar, M. M., Strecker, R. E. 8r McCarley, R. W. (1998). Behavioral state control through differential serotonergic inhibition of the mesopontine cholinergic nuclei a simultaneous unit recording and microdialysis study. J. Neurosci. 18, 5490-7. 

Hurd, Y.L., Weiss, F., Koob, G., and Ungerstedt, U., Cocaine reinforcement and extracellular dopamine overflow in the rat nucleus accumbens an in vivo microdialysis study, Brain Res., 498, 199, 1989. 

Pistis, M., Ferraro, L., Flore, G., Tanganelli, S., Gessa, G.L., and Devoto, P., Delta(9)-tetrahydrocan-nabinol decreases extracellular GABA and increases extracellular glutamate and dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex an in vivo microdialysis study, Brain Res., 948, 155, 2002. 

Chen, J., Paredes, W., Li, J., Smith, D., Lowinson, J., and Gardner, E.L., In vivo brain microdialysis studies of A9-tetrahydrocannabinol on presynaptic dopamine efflux in nucleus accumbens of the Lewis rat, Psychopharmacology, 102, 156, 1990. 

Chen N., Reith M. Autoregulation and monoamine interactions in the ventral tegmental area in the absence and presence of cocaine a microdialysis study in freely moving rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 271 1597, 1994. 

Spanagel R., Herz A., Shippenberg T. The effects of opioid peptides on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens an in vivo microdialysis study. J. Neurochem. 55 1734, 1990. 

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