Risk Reducing Measures

Mitigation Reducing the risk of an accident event sequence by taking protective measures to reduce the likelihood of occurrence of the event, and/or reduce the magnitude of the event and/or minimize the exposure of people or property to the event. 

The Rijnmond area is that part of the Rhine delta between Rotterdam and the North Sea. The Commission for the Safety of the Population at large (COVO) commissioned the study for six chemicals and the operations associated with them acrylonitrile, liquid ammonia, liquid chlorine, LNG, propylene, and part of a separation process (diethanolamine stripper of a hydrodesulfurizer). The study objectives were to evaluate methods of risk assessment and obtain experience with practical applications of these methods. The results were to be used to decide to what extent such methods can be used in formulating safety policy. The study was not concerned with the acceptability of risk or the acceptability of risk reducing measures. 

Control measures to reduce the risk from handling pyrophorics include ... 

With these observations in mind, the simplest practical measure to reduce electrostatic discharge risks associated with vessel loading is to reduce the rate at which the dry solids are added to the vessel. This approach works because the slower rate of flow provides an opportunity for accumulating charge to relax away by various mechanisms before hazardous conditions become established. Often, the same type of flow limitation is effective in reducing the likelihood of ESD during vessel unloading. In many cases, the maximum safe rate of inflow (or outflow) has to be determined by empirical means. 

If error is random and follows probabilistic (normally distributed) variance phenomena, we must be able to make additional measurements to reduce the measurement noise or variability. This is certainly true in the real world to some extent. Most of us having some basic statistical training will recall the concept of calculating the number of measurements required to establish a mean value (or analytical result) with a prescribed accuracy. For this calculation one would designate the allowable error (e), and a probability (or risk) that a measured value (m) would be different by an amount (d). 

Safety evaluation is usually done by safety analyses methods. Safety analysis is a systematic examination of the structure and functions of a process system aimed at identifying potential accident contributors, evaluating the risk presented by them and finding risk-reducing measures (Koivisto, 1996). 

Independent Protection Layer (IPL) - Protection measures that reduce the level of risk of a serious event by 100 times, which have a high degree of availability (greater than 0.99) or have specificity, independence, dependability and auditability. 

CNTs show sign of toxicity. Although biomolecules functionalized CNTs can be cleaned from blood circulation system by renal secretion, so far the course of CNTs metabolism in cells or environment, and the potential measurements to reduce CNTs toxicity, is still not clear. How to clarity those mechanisms and reduced risk measurements associated with CNTs toxicity is a great challenge. 

Identifies and evaluates recommended preventive measures that reduce the risk (probability and/or consequence) and... 

Table 3. Organ systems where NSAID (including COX-2 inhibitors) may cause adverse reactions, and suggestions of clinical measures to reduce the risks ...

Follow measures to reduce the risk of bleeding, such as using an electric razor and a soft toothbrush... 

Alternative housing systems often mean higher costs (e.g. more space and labour). Therefore, farmers must either get higher prices or subsidies. Some alternative systems could lead to specific risks for animal health or the environment. Measures to reduce these risks should be investigated further without taking away the advantages for the animal s natural behaviour. 

If the RPN is higher than a predefined threshold, there must be defined measures to reduce the level of the risk. The goal is to reduce all the GMP risks to a passable level [measures can be, e.g. IQ/OQ for a function or subsystem, additional in-process-control, redesign of a technical system)... 

Identify major hazards and inherent process risks (toxic, explosive). Systematic quantitative analysis of hazards and definition of measures to reduce them. 

The accepted risk is a risk inferior to a level defined in advance either by law, technical, economical, or ethical considerations. The risk analysis, as it will be described in the following sections, has essentially a technical orientation. The minimal requirement is that the process fulfils requirements by the local laws and that the risk analysis is carried out by an experienced team using recognized methods and risk-reducing measures that conform to the state of the art It is obvious that non-technical aspects may also be involved in the risk acceptation criteria. These aspects should also cover societal aspects, that is, a risk-benefit analysis should be performed... 

If the risk finked to a scenario falls into the non-acceptable zone, it must be reduced by appropriate risk-reducing measures. These are usually classified following two viewpoints, the action level and the action mode. The action level can... 

This is the last step of risk analysis. After having completed the risk analysis and defined the measures to reduce risks, a further risk assessment must be carried out to ensure risks are reduced to an accepted level. The risks cannot be completely eliminated risk zero does not exist, thus a residual risk remains. This is also because only identified risks were reduced by the planned measures. Thus, the residual risk has three components ... 

The effects are searched in order to allow the assessment of the severity. These results are documented together with the risk evaluation and, where required, with risk-reducing measures in a hazard catalog, as presented in Figure 1.1. 

The six key questions described in the cooling failure scenario allow us to identify and assess the thermal risks of a chemical process. The first steps allow building a failure scenario, which is easy to understand and serves as a base for the assessment The proposed procedure (Figure 3.6) is based on the separation of severity and probability, taking into account the economic aspects of data determination in a safety laboratory. In a second step, based on the scenario, the criticality index can be determined to help in the choice and design of risk-reducing measures. 

A discussion about risk reducing measures is presented in Section 1.3.1.7. When reducing risks linked to a runaway reaction, the same principles apply. Thus, the first priority should be implementing measures that avoid runaways. As as second priority, preventive measures should then be applied, in case a runaway has been triggered. As a last resort, emergency measures should mitigate the consequences of a runaway that cannot be avoided. Of course, the priority is to avoid the problem rather than to solve it [1]. 

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