Measurement reported

Figures 5 and 6 present the electrical conductivity of sulfuric acid solutions (51,52). For sulfuric acid solutions in the 90—100% H2SO concentration range, the electrical conductivity measurements reported by Reference 52 are beheved to be the best values other conductivity data are also available...

A. Melikov, ed. Calibration and requirements for accuracy of Thermal Anemometers for Indoor Velocity Measurements. Report ET-1E9701. Technical University of Denmatk, Laboratory of Indoor Environment and Energy, 1997. 

Frequently we need to know the number of significant figures in a measurement reported by someone else (Example 1.2). 

The research work on carbon nitride materials was first motivated due to its hypothetical super-hardness. The tribological properties of the CNx films are, of course, the emphasis of the succeeding research works. Although the expected structure and hardness have not been achieved up to the present, the potential interesting properties still stimulate many approaches on the tribological behavior of CNx films. Figure 8 gives the results of hardness measurement reported by the... 

Those fixed-angle measurements reported to date have all used either a heated effusive inlet, or heated gas cell for sample admission [55, 56, 61, 62, 65]. Probably the higher sample number densities these sources generate, compared to a supersonic beam source, provides some compensation for the reduced collection efficiency in the fixed-angle measurement. 

Maechandise H, ed. (1985) New Reference Materials. Improvement of Methods of Measurements. Report EUR 9921 EN. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. 

Surface reactions that give rise to the electric crurent measmed depend on the electrode potential range and the type of measurements reported. The dominating reactions contributing to the voltammetric data in Fig. 13a-d are chemisorbed CO oxidation, oxidation of methanol to CO2 (on both scans), and chemisorbed CO formation on the reverse mn ... 

NCRP. 1971. Basic radiation protection criteria. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Report No. 39. Washington, DC. 

Quantum mechanical and selected semiclassical and semiempirical methods for the calculation of electron impact ionization cross sections are described and their successes and limitations noted. Experimental methods for the measurement of absolute and relative ionization cross sections are also described in some detail. Four theoretical methods, one quantum mechanical and three semiclassical, have been used to calculate cross sections for the total ionization of the inert gases and small molecules and the results compared with experimental measurements reported in the literature. Two of the theoretical methods, one quantum mechanical and one semiclassical, have been applied to the calculation of orientation-dependent electron impact ionization cross sections and the results compared with recent experiments. 

The measurements reported in (a) and (c ) cun easily be seen to have two decimal places. Since they arc reported to the nearest hundredth of a centimeter, they must have been made by the more accurate ruler, the millimeter ruler. The measurements reported in (/ ) and id) were made with the centimeter ruler at the fop. In part (e). the 0 at the end shows that this measurement was made with the more accurate ruler. Here the distance was measured as more nearly 4.40 cm than 4.41 or 4.39 cm. Thus, the results are estimated to the nearest hundredth of a centimeter, but that value just happens to have a 0 as the estimated digit. 

As part of the radon program at EML to develop or improve and field test radon monitors, a modified activated carbon device (Warner, 1986) was developed to obtain higher measurement sensitivity. As a result, we have surveyed 380 buildings in six states in the eastern United States. The purpose of the measurements reported in this paper was to test the feasibility of the new version of the passive activated carbon device and to obtain data on indoor radon levels in different geographical locations. 

Measurements reported herein were made in a first-floor laboratory room in a two-story classroom building having concrete floors and walls. Windows were not open and no artificial ventilation was used during the period of study. 

Pb-210 and the Cosmogenic Radionuclides. We noted earlier that our measurements of Pb-214 were really measurements of Po-214 decay, that is, the production of Pb-210. The mean AMAD of these measurements was about 0.16 um, with the AMAD of Pb-210 predicted to be 0.18 um after recoil. However, the summer AMAD of Pb-210, after aging in the atmosphere for about a week (Moore et al., 1980), was closer to 0.4 um, indicating that Pb-210 s AMAD approximately doubles during its lifetime in the atmosphere. The limited measurements reported here suggest that the AMAD of Pb-210 is smaller in winter than summer, possibly reflecting differences in aerosol growth rates. The summer measurements were also not different from simultaneous SoJ measurements. 

NCRP, "Exposures from the Uranium Series with Emphasis on Radon and its Daughters," National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements Report No. 77. Bethesda, MD. (1984)... 

For Sm3+ and Eu3+ the /T values (given in emu kelvin per mole) obtained by including the Van Vleck contribution are reported in brackets. The experimental values refer to the Ln2(S04)3 8H20 series, obtained as an average of the different measurements reported by Van Vleck [9]. 

All the measurements reported in this paper were carried out at a particle concentration of 1 weight %. Only one concentration was investigated since it has been observed previously (6) that there is little variation in the UCFT as a function of particle concentration in the dilute concentration regime. The dispersion being investigated was added to the pressure bomb which was sealed and -200 bars pressure applied to the system. 

This is consistent with the temperature measurements reported by Baum and McCaffrey [14],... 

Caffeine (10 mM), an agonist for CICR, is unable to produce any rise of Ca2+ or force in myometrium (Taggart Wray 1998, Kupittayanant et al 2001a). These data are also in agreement with earlier force measurements reporting no rise in force (Savineau Mironneau 1990) indeed caffeine relaxes the uterus, due to its inhibitory action on the phosphodiesterase that breaks down cAMP (Arnaudeau et al 1994a). 

In science, the word error has a very specific meaning it does not mean mistake . All experimental measurements will differ, to some degree, from the accurate or real value of the quantity being measured. The difference between the observed value of a physical quantity and the accurate value is called the error. It is very important to consider all the possible sources of errors in experimental measurements. Every experimental measurement reported should be accompanied by an estimate of the error - scientifically speaking, measurements without accompanying error estimates are worthless. 

Acknowledgements. It is a particular pleasure to record my indebtedness to Dr. H. A. Skinner both for his comments on a draft of this review and for much else besides. Thanks are due to the Science Research Council for its support, to the various people at Manchester who, during the past five years, have made some of the measurements reported here, and to those in other places who have generously made materials available for study. 

This work is supported by the Australian Research Grants Scheme. Helpful discussions with Mr. I. H. Leaver of the C.S.I.R.O. Division of Protein Chemistry are gratefully acknowledged. The authors wish to thank Mr. M. D. Yandell for his assistance with some of the measurements reported in this work. 

There is a 30 kJ mol1 difference in the recommended enthalpies of formation of solid 2-aminobiphenyl in the two volumes by Pedley, cf the new measurements reported in W. F. Steele, R. D. Chirico, S. E. Knipmeyer and A. Nguyen, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 23, 957 (1991). This difference attests to the difficulty of making enthalpy-of-formation measurements on amines, a conclusion already intimated in the discussion of the naphthylamines. 

As noted earlier, the diffraction of X-rays, unlike the diffraction of neutrons, is primarily sensitive to the distribution of 00 separations. Although many of the early studies 9> of amorphous solid water included electron or X-ray diffraction measurements, the nature of the samples prepared and the restricted angular range of the measurements reported combine to prevent extraction of detailed structural information. The most complete of the early X-ray studies is by Bon-dot 26>. Only scanty description is given of the conditions of deposition but it appears likely his sample of amorphous solid water had little or no contamination with crystalline ice. He found a liquid-like distribution of 00 separations at 83 K, with the first neighbor peak centered at 2.77 A. If the pair correlation function is decomposed into a superposition of Gaussian peaks, the area of the near neighbor peak is found to correspond to 4.23 molecules, and to have a root mean square width of 0.50 A. 

Shaffer (S5) also made some exploratory evaluations of the electrostatic atomization of dibutyl phthalate using a camel s hair brush for the atomizing nozzle. On a count basis 73% of the particles were smaller than 10 microns and the largest particle obtained was 40 microns. The energy input corresponded to 0.5 cal/g liquid atomized (0.00026 kWh/lb) and the charge level on the particles as atomized corresponded to a value of Sps of the order of 3-5 V/micron. Current and flow rate measurements reported by Vonnegut and Neubauer (V4) would correspond to an energy input of 0.1 kWh/lb. 

The first fluorescence lifetime measurements reported using near-IR spark source excitation where performed in the authors laboratory using the all-metal coaxial... 

Although the initial velocity of the desorbed ions is difficult to measure, reported values generally are in the range of 400-1200 m s" The initial velocity is almost independent of the ionic mass but dependent on the matrix. [33,36-38,46,50,51] On the other hand, the initial ion velocity is not independent of the compound class, i.e., peptides show a behavior different from oligosaccharides. [51]... 

The fraction of particles removed by the ESP as a function of diameter is also shown in Figure 9. Removal efficiency is greatest for 2.3 ym diameter particles (70%). The fraction removed at all diameters is considerably less than that removed after applying additives. The theoretical removal efficiency curve for an ESP as a function of diameter has a minimum at about 0.25 un (13,14) however, experimental observations show the minimum to actually range between 2 to 5 ym (15). Thus, the removal efficiency of the ESP observed here is consistent with similar measurements reported in the literature. 

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