Measurement of characteristics

The indicated transition pressure of 15 GPa is in agreement with the published data with shock-wave structure measurements on a 3% silicon-iron alloy, the nominal composition of Silectron. A mixed phase region from 15 to 22.5 GPa appears quite reasonable based on shock pressure-volume data. Thus, the direct measure of magnetization appears to offer a sensitive measure of characteristics of shock-induced, first-order phase transitions involving a change in magnetization. 

Where you devise original solutions to the measurement of characteristics the theory and development of the method should be documented and retained as evidence of the validity of the measurement method. Any new measurement methods should be proven by rigorous experiment to detect the measurement uncertainty and cumulative effect of the errors in each measurement process. The samples used for proving the method should also be retained so as to provide a means of repeating the measurements should it prove necessary. 

As discussed above, the measurement of characteristic y rays is very similar to the methods used in EDXRF. Early studies used a scintillation counter, typically a crystal of sodium iodide containing a small amount of thallium (Tite 1972). y ray absorption by these counters produces visible light, which is converted into an electrical pulse using a photosensitive detector. More recently semiconductor detectors have been used, either a lithium drifted germanium crystal, or, more typically, a pure ( intrinsic )... 

Urban aerosols are complicated systems composed of material from many different sources. Achieving cost-effective air particle reductions in airsheds not meeting national ambient air quality standards requires identification of major aerosol sources and quantitative determination of their contribution to particle concentrations. Quantitative source Impact assesment, however, requires either calculation of a source s impact from fundamental meteorological principles using source oriented dispersion models, or resolving source contributions with receptor models based on the measurement of characteristic chemical and physical aerosol features. Q)... 

A spectrometer for the measurement of characteristic secondary X-rays was perhaps the first peripheral analytical device to be attached to a conventional Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)... 

Thermodynamic models analyzed above are applicable to the treatment of results of measurement of characteristics of microporous materials, especially active carbons prepared by pyrolysis of organic materials. 

Measurement of characteristics of the emulsion droplets in concentrated media is indeed a difficult task. Some indirect methods have been used. The interfacial area and therefore the droplet size were determined by measuring the critical micelle concentration of miniemulsions [43]. Erdem et al. determined droplet sizes of concentrated miniemulsions via soap titration, which could be confirmed by CHDF measurements [44]. Droplet sizes without diluting the system can much better be estimated by small angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements [23]. 

The technique involves high precision measurements of characteristic transport properties, the transport coefficients, of an ensemble or swarm of electrons as they drift and diffuse through a gas at pressure ranging from a few torr to many atmospheres. The most commonly measured transport coefficients are the drift velocity W, which is defined as the velocity of the centroid of the swarm in the direction of the applied uniform electric field E, the ratio Dt/p (where Dt is the diffusion coefficient perpendicular to the electric field and p is the electron mobility, defined as W E) and, when a magnetic field B transverse to the electric field E is present, the ratio (where is the drift velocity at right angles to E and B). For a... 

The general scheme of the Information System of the National Environment Monitoring (ISNEM) is presented in Fig. 5. National Environment Monitoring (NEM) collects, processes and provides access to such data as measurements of characteristics of particular environment components, measurements of some emissions and measurements of natural characteristics, e.g. measure indicators of air quality such as SO2, NO2, O3, CO read from the Meteorological Automatic Weather Station meteorological indicators e.g. noise or water... 

Most determinations of coating thickness are based on measurements of characteristic radiation from the coating. The thickness can be considered to fall into one of three regions linear, exponential, and infinite thickness. In the linear region, absorption of the incident and fluorescent radiation by the very thin coating is negligible therefore, the intensity is linearly related to the coating thickness. For films of intermediate thickness, the intensity is an exponential function of thickness. As the thickness approaches infinity, the intensity becomes constant. 

Measures of Characteristics of Performance Measures of global accuracy of tracking performance can detect and quantify the presence of abnormal sensory-motor control performance capacities with... 

Bulk light scattering is a very popular method for the measurement of characteristic sizes in colloidal systems [1]. 

There are always four stages in any scheme of x-ray emission analysis. The excitation of characteristic radiation from the specimen by bombardment with high-energy photons, electrons, protons, etc. the selection of a characteristic emission line from the element in question by means of a wavelength or energy-dispersive spectrometer the detection and integration of the characteristic photons to give a measure of characteristic emission line intensity and finally, the conversion of the characteristic emission line intensity to elemental concentration by use of a suitable calibration procedure. 

Variable takeoff angle This is, in principle at least, a powerful method and has been described in detail by Ebel [21]. In this technique, a series of measurements of characteristic line intensity Ini are taken at different takeoff angles yjfn- The data is then extrapolated to V n = 0, giving a simple solution of the basic intensity equation. Mass absorption coefficients are measurable by this method to an accuracy of about 5%, but the method has the major disadvantage that special instrumentation is required. 

E. DYNAMIC (OSOLLATORY) MEASUREMENTS OF CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE ( SURFACE LOADING )... 

One may in principle check RIS calculations [5] by the measurement of characteristic ratios particularly as a function of tactidty. However,... 

As mentioned before, austenitic stainless steels are susceptible to IGC due to sensitization caused by exposure to high temperatures (450-850 C). The IGC of austenitic stainless steel can also be characterized by normalized classical tests ASTM G28, ASTM A262-86, SEP 1877, AFNOR A05-159 and AFNOR A05-160, currently known as the Strauss, Huey and Streicher tests [54-57]. These methods however are destructive, difficult to perform on site and require sampling that can be harmful to the integrity of materials during service. For this reason, the electrochemical, non-destructive tests commonly known as EPR (electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation) and DL-EPR (double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation) were developed to measure the sensitivity of austenitic stainless steels to IGC [58-66]. However, EPR and DL-EPR are based on measurements of characteristic potentials and currents of passive/active zones on potentiody-namic curves in an aqueous solution (linear voltammetry curve from oxygen to hydrogen evolution in the... 

Information on elements present at a sample surface is obtained from AES and XPS by measurement of characteristic energies of electrons emitted following excitations by incident electrons (AES) or photons (XPS), as indicated schematically... 

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