Measurement and Instrumentation

The theory and principle of EIS are beyond the scope of this chapter and explanations can be found in the literature [8]. This section focuses on the diagnostic applications of EIS in supercapacitors. 

The three fundamental requirements of EIS measurement are (1) the linearity between the perturbation signal and the system response, (2) the stability of the target system during measurement, (3) and the causality of the response. In particular, the perturbation must not cause the system to shift from its equilibrium state. To meet this requirement, it is better to measure the EIS of a supercapacitor at its open potential voltage (OCV) rather than under load. However, measurement at OCV does not necessarily reflect the situation under load conditions. Due to this concern, EIS results may not be as reliable as those obtained by CV and CDC. 

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K. T. V. Grattan and Z. Y. Zhang Department of Physics, Measurement and Instrumentation Centre, School of Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics, City University, London EC1 VOHB, United Kingdom. 

BAILEY, J.C. and BEDBOROUGH, D.R. Sensory Measurement and Instrumental Analysis of Odours in Septic Sewage—Problems and Solutions Institute of Water Pollution Control, Maidstone, Kent, England, 1979. 

A second problem in whole molecule mass spectrometry is that fluctuations in ion current may introduce substantial errors. Recall that ions of different m/z are not measured simultaneously in whole molecule mass spectrometry. If the ion current is not stable (and it commonly fluctuates in El sources), then after first peak (say m/z = 112 in our example) is measured, and instrumental parameters are changed in order to focus the next peak (m/z = 114) on the collector, the ion current of this second peak may no longer correspond to that existing at the time the first peak was measured. One can try to switch the detector from peak to peak more rapidly but that shortens the collection time for each peak, fewer ions will be counted, and errors in counting statistics will increase. Normally this problem is dealt with by statistical... 

The classic texts on the design of experiments in scientific and engineering studies emphasize (1) measurement and instrumentation, (2) sources of error, (3) factor design etc. [30, 31] This section addresses step-by-step many of these issues for in situ studies, and does so by integrating relevant chemical and chemical engineering concerns and concepts. This section attempts to provide a very useful short-list of design considerations for the experimentalist so that Eq. (2) can be solved. 

ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers). 1993. Measurement and instruments, In ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, pp. 13.1-13.23. ASHRAE, Atlanta, Ga. 

Electromagnetic Compatibility — Environment Electromagnetic Compatibility — Limits Electromagnetic Compatibility — Testing and Measurement Techniques — General Guides on Harmonics and Interharmonics Measurements and Instrumentation... 

In the absence of any Community provisions in this area and without prejudice to the Commission s right of initiative in proposing such provisions, it is for each Member State to formulate the policies, measures and instruments it wishes to adopt in order to comply with the targets set under the Kyoto Protocol. 

Measurement and Instrumentation in Engineering Principles and Basic Laboratory Experiments, Francis S. Tse and Ivan E. Morse... 

K. B. Klaasen, Electronic Measurement and Instrumentation, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York (1996). 

Process Variables, Measurements, and Instruments of Sludge Evaporation Lagoons... 

Runyan, W.R. "Semiconductor Measurements and Instrumentation" McGraw-Hill New York, 1975 pp. 69-75. 

By the mid-1700s about twenty elements were known. Science was beginning to get more sophisticated as measurements and instrumentation improved rapidly and theories based on observation grew more advanced and more compelling. Chemists, however, continued to anguish over the inability to easily categorize the elements. 

Does the system run, compute, and so on This is a standard engineering question. It involves issues of physical measurement and instrumentation for hardware, and runtime inspection and debugging... 

On the other hand, reliability is the consistency of the data obtained. This basically means that every time the data are collected from the respondents, same or similar data should be obtained. For example, a test is given to a group of students today, and x mean score is obtained after the analysis. If the test is repeated to the same group of students tomorrow, the same or similar x mean score should be obtained as well. This shows that the measurement and instrument are reliable and can be used to make generalized conclusion. It should be noted that the research results should yield a certain level of confidence to the practitioners to be able to accept the conclusion of the research. This is because, ultimately, the research conclusion will be used to make educational decisions that may change how engineering should be taught. 

Nezu I Nakagawa H. 1995. Turbulence measurements in unsteady free-surface flows. Flow measurement and instrumentation 6(l) 49-59. 

Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation 8, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-02315-l l, Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014... 

He has authored/co-authored over 300 papers in different international journals and conferences, edited eleven conference proceedings. He has also edited ten special issues of international journals and fifteen books with Springer-Verlag as guest editor. He is currently the Series editor for the Smart Sensing, Measurements and Instrumentation of Springer-Verlag. 

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