Magnetic multilayers

Of the many properties of films in their successive stages, those most commonly studied nowadays are the magnetic, electrical and mechanical ones. The magnetic properties and uses of thin films, especially multilayers, have been outlined in Section 7.4 and need not be repeated here however, it is worth pointing out an excellent survey of magnetic multilayers (Grunberg 2000). Electrical properties have been covered by Coutts (1974). 

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF INHOMOGENEOUS SYSTEMS APPLICATION TO MAGNETIC MULTILAYERS AND GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE... 

After we obtained the self-consistent electronic structure of the magnetic multilayers we calculated the non-local conductivity by evaluating the quantum mechanical linear response of the current to the electric field using an approach developed by Kubo and Greenwood. In this approach the conductivity is obtained from a configurational average of two one-electron Green functions ... 

Magnetic mterlayer coupling Magnetic multilayers Many-body potentials Martensite... 

Optics in Magnetic Multilayers and Nanostructures, Stefan Vishovsktf... 

Brossard L, Clerac R, Coulon C, Tokumoto M, Ziman T, Petrov DK, Laukhin VN, Naughton MJ, Audouard A, Goze F, Kobayashi A, Kobayashi Ft, Cassoux P (1998) Interplay between chains of S = 5/2 localised spins and two-dimensional sheets of organic donors in the synthetically built magnetic multilayer )l-(BETS)2FeCl4. Eur Phys J B 1 439 52... 

Slonczewski JC (1996) Current-driven excitation of magnetic multilayers. J Magn Magn Mater 159 L1-L7... 

Berger L (1996) Emission of spin waves by a magnetic multilayer traversed by a current. Phys Rev B 54 9353-9358... 

Myers EB, Ralph DC, Katine JA, Louie RN, Buhrman RA (1999) Current-induced switching of domains in magnetic multilayer devices. Science 285 867-870... 

Fig. 36. Schematic view of a magnetostrictive spring magnet multilayer (MSMM).

Keywords Magnetic multilayers, interlayer exchange coupling, exchange bias, magnetization reversal, X-ray reflectivity, polarized neutron reflectivity, domain walls, magnetic roughness. 

It has been shown, both experimentally and theoretically (see [5] for details), that the magnetoelastic tensor [5] in nanoscale magnetic multilayers consists of two parts ... 

Piraux, L., George, I. M., Despres, X F., Leroy, C., Ferain, E., Legras, R., Ounadjela, K., and Fert, A., Giant magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayered nanowires. Appl. Phys. Lett. 65,2484 (1994). 

Patterned media (e.g. section 4.1) can be fabricated from magnetic multilayers where ion irradiation is used to differentiate nanoscale magnetic islands in a magnetic matrix, without the removal of material from the multilayers [15, 16]. Arrays of Pt/Co/Pt dots with a dot separation of only 20 nm have been shown by FIB irradiation of 28keV Ga+ ions [17]. The magnetic effects can be influenced by the kinds of ions (He+, Ar+, Ga+, N+), their energies as well as their exposure doses (fluency). 

Sanvito, S., Lambert, C.J., Jefferson, J.H. and Bratkovsky, A.M. (1999) General Green s-function formalism for transport calculations with spd Hamiltonians and giant magnetoresistance in Co- and Ni-based magnetic multilayers. Phys. Rev. B, 59, 11936-11948. 

Various approaches can be used to obtain a controlled alignment of the magnetization in magnetic multilayers. The most important material systems for devices are anti-ferromagnetic coupled multilayers and spin valves, which is discussed below. 

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