Surface spores

Thermoduric, Thermophilic, andPsychrophihc Bacteria. Thermoduric bacteria survive but do not grow at pasteurization temperatures. They are largely non spore-forming, heat-resistant types that develop on surfaces of unclean equipment. These bacteria are determined by subjecting a sample to laboratory pasteurization and examining it by the agar plate method. 

O2, Mn, pH, and solid concentrations indicates that the character of the solid is important partly because some surfaces bind Mn " more strongly and partly because they facilitate the electron transfer differently. Catalysis by enzymes is clearly the most effective oxidation enhancing process as indicated by the laboratory studies with spores and material from the O2/H2S interface of Saanich Inlet. Microbial catalysis in this environment reduces the oxidation lifetime of Mn to about one day. This example illustrates... 

Figure 6.2. (a). Colloidal silica network on the surface of spores from Isoetes pantii (quill wort). Scale = 20 pm. (b). Polystyrene networks and foams produced as a biproduct of colloidal latex formation. Both types of colloidal system are typical of the diversity of patterns that can be derived from the interactions of minute particles. Scale (in (a)) = 50pm. 

Packaging materials which have a smooth, impervious surface, free fi cm crevices or interstices, such as cellulose acetate, polyethylene, polypropylene, poly vinylchloride, and metal foils and laminates, all have a low surface microbial count. Cardboard and paperboard, unless treated, carry mould spores of Cladosporium spp., Aspergillus spp. md Penicillium spp. and bacteria such 2 Bacillus spp. sn.dMicrococcus spp. 

In some situations, if good plant hygiene is not maintained, fungal spores can also become established in and around the Fourdrinier wire. These can develop into large surface colonies which can become dislodged and transfer onto the paper sheet during formation. Again, this can lead to paper sheet failure. 

B. anthracis and related species.41,44 6 Some of these peaks have been identified (e.g., as small acid soluble spore proteins and cyclic lipopeptides), but others remain uncharacterized. There is no agreement among different laboratories as to which markers are suitable for chemotaxonomic differentiata-tion of species (i.e., are consistently found in one species versus another) or for strain identification (i.e., are reproducibly found in one strain but not another). Further, although it might be anticipated that surface proteins can be preferentially ionized or extracted, the ultra-structural origin of some peptides within the cell is not always clear. 

Franklin and Bradley, by means of electron microscopy of carbon replicas, reported that the spores of a majority of species of Bacillus and Clostridium are readily distinguished by surface patterns. The surfaces may be smooth or ribbed, with the ribs usually longitudinal. 

Figure 4.4 Surface structure of a spore of Bacillus polymyxa. From left to right side view same rotated a quarter turn from right to left same rotated a further quarter turn view, of a pole.

A seed dressing method based on electrons was developed and tested by Lindner et al. (1996) and Schauder (2003) as a direct method to improve seed quality and remove/reduce seedborne disease inocula. Electron seed dressing effectively removed common bunt spores (Tilletia caries) and reduced bunt levels compared to untreated seeds in field trials. However, its efficacy against M. nivale has not, as yet, been confirmed. Since this technique has potentially negative effects on germination rates of seed, it is limited to surface treatments (Jahn, 2002 Jahn et al., 2005). 

Fragments of C. foliacea thalli were stored dry. Before use, these were abundantly rinsed in tap water and rapidly surface sterilized (10 seconds) in 1% sodium hypochloride. They were then inoculated in the in ratio of 0.5 g Cladonia thallus to each Petri dish containing 20 ml medium (water or Mohr) with 200 pi spore suspension (see above) or 20 shoot fragments. 

Green-yellow fluorescence of the alkaloids is seen on the cell surface and in elaters of vegetative microspores from Equsetrum arvense (Fig. 9) shows the presence of tubulin in the parts. The middle of the spore lights in red due to... 

Hall C, Wales DS, Keane MA (2001) Copper removal from aqueous systems biosorption by Pseudomonas syringae. Separ Sci Technol 36(2) 223-240 Haas JR, Dichristina TJ, Wade R Jr (2001) Thermodynamics of U(VI) sorption onto Shewanellaputrefaciens. Chem Geol 180 33-54 He LM, Tebo BM (1998) Surface charge properties of and Cu(II) adsorption by spores of the marine Bacillus sp. strain SG-1. Appl Environ Microbiol 64 1123-1129... 

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