MARS -

The planet Mars is smaller than the Earth its diameter is 6,762 km, compared with the Earth s 12,760 km. Our neighbour planet has only a very thin atmosphere (surface pressure 0.005-0.010 atm), so its surface can easily be observed. The atmosphere consists of the following (volume percentages given)  

Recently, sulphur has also been found on the surface of Mars it was probably deposited from the atmosphere and originated in volcanic activity. Sulphur was also found in meteorites which probably originated on Mars (Farquhar et al., 2000). The mean surface temperature is 210 K (at night 150 K and during the day 270 K). 

Ice has been found at the poles new measurements of Mars southern polar region indicate the presence of extensive frozen water. The polar region contains enough frozen water to cover the whole planet with a layer of liquid approximately 36 ft deep. A joint NASA-Italian Space Agency instrument on the European Space Agency s Mars Express spacecraft provided these data (NASA press release, 15 March 2007). It must be assumed that volcanic exhalations contained large amounts of water. 

The surface of Mars is covered by meteorite craters, some up to 200 km in diameter. The question as to whether water exists on Mars has been the subject of scientific controversy for many years (see Chap. 11). Costly Mars missions with the goal of mapping the surface have afforded important results on now dry river valleys. The weather on Mars is characterized by ground-level fog, thin ice clouds and (often very violent) dust storms, which vary not only seasonally but also daily. The question as to whether our neighbour planet harbours life (of any kind), or if it ever did so, gave rise to a media sensation at a NASA press conference on August 7, 1996. The researchers, who had been studying the 1.9 kg Mars meteorite ALH 84001, came to the conclusion that it bore clear evidence of previous life forms  

A certain carbonate species with magnetite and iron deposits microorganisms could have been involved in its formation. 

Organic compounds polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, in particular phenan-threne (C14H10), pyrene (Ci6Hjo) and chrysene (CisH ), which were detected using high resolution mass spectrometry. 

The evolution of Venus Earth and Mars will be compared in a separate chapter. 

Many attempts were made to investigate the red planet with satellite missions, however, until 2006 only 18 of 37 launch attempts to reach Mars have been successful. 

The first images of the surface of Mars from a satellite mission were obtained in 1965 by Mariner 4 (US). In 1971 for the first time a satellite could be brought into orbit around a planet (with exception of Earth of course). The results were disappointing because the surface of Mars appears more like that of the Moon and there are no signs of the canali claimed to have been observed. 

A high resolution image of Mars taken from the Hubble Space Telescope is shown in Fig. 3.5. On a nice summer day, the temperature on Mars may rise up to 0°C however during a Martian night it may reach -100°C. There are channel like structures on its surface which are a hint that this planet underwent large climatic variations in the past with episodes of liquid water on its surface. Today, because of the low atmospheric pressure (only 1% of the pressure on the surface of the Earth) water cannot exist in liquid state on Mars. For liquid water on the martian surface, the atmosphere must become much denser (see also Chap. 1). Water can only sublimate on the surface of Mars i.e. it undergoes a phase transition from solid (ice) to gas (vapor) or from gas to solid. 

Geomorphologic evidence for liquid water on Mars indicating a hydrologic cycle in the past was mentioned by Masson et al., 2001 [218]. These follow form the many channels and canyons observed on the surface of Mars. 

One day in August 1907, Franz Joseph called him to the Palace, and said he wished to reward him for his fine job. He offered to make my father an Excellency. 

My father bowed slightly and said Imperial Majesty, I am very flattered. But I would prefer something which I could hand down to my children.  

The Emperor nodded his agreement and ordained that my father be given a place in the hereditary nobility. To receive a predicate of nobility, my father had to be landed. Fortunately he owned a small vineyard near Budapest, so the Emperor bestowed upon him the predicate von SzoUoskislak (small grape). I have shortened it to von, for even to me, a Hungarian, the full title is almost unpronounceable. 

Jewish family ennoblements in the hundred years prior to 1900 totaled 126 in the short decade and a half between 1900 and the outbreak of the Great War the insecure conservative alliance bartered 220 more. Some thousands of men in these 346 families were ultimately involved. They were thus brought into political connection, their power of independent action siphoned away. 

Leo Szilard, long before he encountered the novels of H. G. Wells, found another visionary student of the human past and future to admire. Szilard thought in maturity that his addiction to the truth and his predilection for Saving the World were traceable first of all to the stories his mother told him. But apart from those, he said, the most serious influence on my life came from a book which I read when I was ten years old. It was a Hungarian classic, taught in the schools. The Tragedy of Man.  

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Most solid surfaces are marred by small cracks, and it appears clear that it is often because of the presence of such surface imperfections that observed tensile strengths fall below the theoretical ones. For sodium chloride, the theoretical tensile strength is about 200 kg/mm [136], while that calculated from the work of cohesion would be 40 kg/mm [137], and actual breaking stresses are a hundreth or a thousandth of this, depending on the surface condition and crystal size. Coating the salt crystals with a saturated solution, causing surface deposition of small crystals to occur, resulted in a much lower tensile strength but not if the solution contained some urea. 

Plenary 21 A. Alian Wang et al, e-mail address alianw levee.wustl.edu (RS). (Unable to attend IGORS, but abstract is available in proceedings.) With teclmological advances, Raman spectroscopy now has become a field tool for geologists. Mineral characterization for terrestrial field work is feasible and a Raman instrument is being designed for the next rover to Mars, scheduled for 2003. 

Theron C C, Mars J A, Churms C L, Farmer J and Pretorius R 1998 In situ, real-time RBS measurement of solid state reaction in thin films Nuol. Instrum. Methods B 139 213... 

MARPAT Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), USA Markush structures in patents struc- ture, Mar- kush, biblio. 180000 records, 505 000 Markush struct. patent ofBces STN commercial CD-ROM, online weekly www.cas.org/ ONLINE/ DBSS/mar- patss.html... 

Fig. 3.16 The efect of introducing a weak potential into the ID lattice is to lift the degeneracy of the energy levels mar to the edge of the Brillouin zone (shown in both extended-zone and reduced-zone representation).

The density of states increases rapidly with energy but the Boltzmann factor decrease exponentially, meaning that Pcanon(T, E) is bell-shaped, with values that can vary by mar orders of magnitude as the energy changes. In the multicanonical method the simulatic... 

Without carbon, the basis for life would be impossible. While it has been thought that silicon might take the place of carbon in forming a host of similar compounds, it is now not possible to form stable compounds with very long chains of silicon atoms. The atmosphere of Mars contains 96.2% CO2. Some of the most important compounds of carbon are carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon disulfide (CS2), chloroform (CHCb), carbon tetrachloride (CCk), methane (CHr), ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H2), benzene (CeHe), acetic acid (CHsCOOH), and their derivatives. 

A gaseous element, oxygen forms 21 % of the atmosphere by volume and is obtained by liquefaction and fractional distillation. The atmosphere of Mars contains about 0.15% oxygen. The element and its compounds make up 49.2%, by weight, of the earth s crust. About two thirds of the human body and nine tenths of water is oxygen. 

The gas is prepared by fractionation of liquid air because the atmosphere contains 0.94% argon. The atmosphere of Mars contains 1.6% of 40Ar and 5 p.p.m. of 36Ar. 

Krypton is present in the air to the extent of about 1 ppm. The atmosphere of Mars has been found to contain 0.3 ppm of krypton. Solid krypton is a white crystalline substance with a face-centered cubic structure which is common to all the "rare gases."... 

The acceptance of the name was premature because both Russian and American efforts now completely rule out the possibility of any isotope of Element 102 having a half-life of 10 min in the vicinity of 8.5 MeV. Early work in 1957 on the search for this element, in Russia at the Kurchatov Institute, was marred by the assignment of 8.9 +/- 0.4 MeV alpha radiation with a half-life of 2 to 40 sec, which was too indefinite to support discovery claims. 

When considering how the evolution of life could have come about, the seeding of terrestrial life by extraterrestrial bacterial spores traveling through space (panspermia) deserves mention. Much is said about the possibility of some form of life on other planets, including Mars or more distant celestial bodies. Is it possible for some remnants of bacterial life, enclosed in a protective coat of rock dust, to have traveled enormous distances, staying dormant at the extremely low temperature of space and even surviving deadly radiation The spore may be neither alive nor completely dead, and even after billions of years it could have an infinitesimal chance to reach a planet where liquid water could restart its life. Is this science fiction or a real possibility We don t know. Around the turn of the twentieth century Svante Arrhenius (Nobel Prize in chemistry 1903) developed this theory in more detail. There was much recent excitement about claimed fossil bacterial remains in a Martian meteorite recovered from Antarctica (not since... 

Addition of water to the double bond of an alkene takes place in aqueous acid Addition occurs according to Mar kovnikov s rule A carbocation is an in termediate and is captured by a mole cule of water acting as a nucleophile... 

The coupled methods, GC/MS and LC/MS, form very powerful combinations for simultaneous separation and identification of components of mixtures. Hence, these techniques have been used in such widely disparate enterprises as looking for evidence of life forms on Mars and for testing racehorses or athletes for the presence of banned drugs. 

MAR-M alloy 509 MARPAT MARPAT database MARPAT Previews Marplan... 

Mar tius Yellow Maruzen process Mascaras Masers Mashing... 

R. Will, "Eurfural," Chemical Economics Handbook, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif., Mar. 1994. 

R. H. Leitheiser, K. B. Bo2er, and D. D. Watson, Turan TesinsforFRP Composites, National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Annual Meeting, San Erancisco, Calif., Mar. 14—18, 1977. 

Note for Guidance on Plasma Derived Mediciaal Products," CPMP/BWP/269/95, Committee for Proprietary Mediciaal Products (CPMP), London, Mar. 13, 1996. 

C. Y. Wu and H. E. Swift, / 79th Hmerican Chemical Society Meeting, Div. of Petroleum Chemistry Symposia Preprint, Houston, Texas, Mar. 1980, p. 372. 

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