Sun/Mars

Venus may have been in the right place once, and is the right size, but in the long term it was too close to the Sun. Mars may be in a tolerable place, and on occasion with liquid water (Baker, 2001 Carr, 1996), but has a small heart, almost dead of cold. Only Earth had long-term location and is large enough to keep an active interior. 

At the time, more than a dozen planetary satellites had already been discovered for Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. None had been found for Venus or Mercury, nor were they likely to be found, given the proximity of these planets to the Sun. Mars likewise had no satellites. .. or, at least, none that had yet been discovered. 

NMR spectral shifts for cellulose and some oligomers are sun-mar ized in Figure 2 ( 9). Horii et al. (9 ) discussed the chemical shifts of C-6 carbons, and proposed that the difference between Cellulose I and Cellulose II is caused by conformational differences at the 6-OH groups. The shifts in the crystalline parts of Cellulose I were assigned to t-g conformations (ca. 66 ppm for C-6), and those for Cellulose II and the amorphous parts of all celluloses to g-t conformations (ca. 63 ppm for C-6). 

Overhead (Diurnal Cycle), (Diurnal Cycle) (Diurnal Cycle) Sun Mar. 22-Sept 22 Jun. 22 Dec. 22... 

Our solar system consists of the Sun, the planets and their moon satellites, asteroids (small planets), comets, and meteorites. The planets are generally divided into two categories Earth-like (terrestrial) planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars and Giant planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Little is known about Pluto, the most remote planet from Earth. 

A.26 Mars orbits the Sun at 25 km-s. A spaceship attempting to land on Mars must match its orbital speed. If the mass of the spaceship is 2.5 X 1(T kg, what is its kinetic energy when its speed has matched that of Mars ... 

Portal page to a series of pages Air, Moon, Jupiter, Fire, Mercury, Saturn, Water, Venus, Sun, Earth, Mars. Also an interesting page "A Christian Mandala - explanation of this mandala and its sources by Robert Ellaby"... 

In about 4 billion years our sun will also develop into a red giant. The diameter will then reach the orbit of Mars, and the inner planets will cease to exist. 

In the region of the terrestrial planets, there may have been several thousand planetesimals of up to several hundred kilometres in diameter. During about ten million years, these united to form the four planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars—which are close to the sun. Far outside the orbit of the planet Mars, the heavier planets were formed, in particular Jupiter and Saturn, the huge masses of which attracted all the hydrogen and helium around them. Apart from their cores, these planets have a similar composition to that of the sun. Between the planets Mars and Jupiter, there is a large zone which should really contain another planet. It... 

The planet Pluto is estimated at a mean distance of 3,666 million miles from the sun. The planet Mars is estimated at a mean distance of 36 million miles from the sun. How much closer to the sun is Mars than Pluto ... 

Now, apart from the planets, many meteorites were formed, moving in quite different orbits and of quite different chemical composition. In particular, the so-called C-l meteorites composed of carbonaceous chondrites have a composition of elements much closer to that of the Sun. It is proposed (see for example Harder and also Robert in Further Reading) that many of these meteorites collided with very early Earth and became incorporated in it, so that eventually some 15% of Earth came from this material (see Section 1.11). Other planets such as Mars and the Moon could have had similar histories, but the remote planets and Venus are very different. 

The density estimates in Table 7.1 show a distinction between the structures of the planets, with Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars all having mean densities consistent with a rocky internal structure. The Earth-like nature of their composition, orbital periods and distance from the Sun enable these to be classified as the terrestrial planets. Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus have very low densities and are simple gas giants, perhaps with a very small rocky core. Neptune and Pluto clearly contain more dense materials, perhaps a mixture of gas, rock and ice. 

AU from the Sun, just outside the orbit of Mars, whereas the inner boundary is determined by the runaway-greenhouse effect as observed on Venus. If the surface temperature were too hot, above 373 K, this would vaporise all water on the surface of the planet. The inner boundary is around 0.85 AU so the habitable zone spans 0.85-1.7 AU for our Sun (Figure 7.7) but the current habitable zone spans 0.85 - 1.3 AU (t — 0) in Figure 7.7. The habitable zone was much larger when the Sun s luminosity was greater, and narrower when the luminosity was smaller. 

Water vapour makes a sizeable contribution, and probably the largest, to radiation trapping and as the temperature increases the water vapour concentration increases. Temperature rises as a result of increased water vapour concentration and hence a mechanism for a positive feedback in the greenhouse effect that might lead to a runaway greenhouse effect. When the vapour pressure for water reaches saturation, condensation occurs and water rains out of the atmosphere this is what happens on Earth and Mars. On Venus, however, the water vapour pressure never saturates and no precipitation occurs and the global warming continues to increase. Thus Venus suffers from extreme temperatures produced by both its proximity to the Sun and the presence of water vapour and carbon dioxide in its atmosphere. 

Mars rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, could deposit Earth bacteria on the Martian surface, which fortuitously could find an environment in which to colonise. One possible false alarm for Martian life exploration is that evidence is found on the Martian surface of life on Earth. Extreme measures have been taken with the NASA spacecraft to use exposure to the UV radiation from the Sun to sterilise the spacecraft, rotating the various surfaces to face a prolonged exposure, but none of this could guarantee a sterile spacecraft. 

Like the old royal chariots, the chariot of the solar body has four wheels. Wheel is the root meaning of the Sanskrit word, chakra, used because of the chakras rotating motion. The four chakras that are the wheels of the fiery chariot of the spirit are the Mercury and Venus centers to the front and the Sun and Mars centers to the back. This is the Merkabah which was seen in Ezekial s vision in the Valley of Bones, the omnipresent throne of Adam-Qadmon. The name Merkabah is also given to the Jewish mystical system of the post-Temple period. 

Karsten U, West JA (2000) Living in the intertidal zone - seasonal effects on heteiosides and sun-screen compounds in the red alga Bangia atropurpurea (Bangiales). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 254 221-234... 

Occurrence. Carbon is distributed very widely in nature as calcium carbonate (limestone). Coal, petroleum and natural gas are chiefly hydrocarbons. Carbon is found as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of the earth and dissolved in all natural waters. The atmosphere of Mars contains 96% C02. It is plentiful in the sun, stars, comets and the atmospheres of most planets. 

Bulk meteorites, the Moon and Mars lie within a few percentile above or below the terrestrial fractionation line on a three-oxygen isotope plot (see Fig. 3.1). Therefore, the oxygen isotope composition of the Sun has been assnmed to be the same as that of the Earth. This view has changed with the suggestion of Clayton (2002) that the Sun and the initial composition of the solar system are 0-rich com-... 

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