Moon/Mars

The SP-ablator allows higher aerodynamic loads with lower surface/mass ratio for heat shields, and should be ideally suited for moon, mars, or other interplanetary return missions. These shields are also suitable for cost-effective flight models of winged reentry capsules. A large application potential can be seen for nozzles and combustion chambers or housings of rocket engines. Dornier plans to manufacture a heat shield for the Mirka capsule one meter in diameter. The C/SiC-cover will be fabricated in one piece. 

Norman M, McCulloch M, O Neill H, Brandon A (2004) Magnesium isotopes in the Earth, Moon, Mars, and Pallasite parent body high precision analysis of olivine by laser ablation multi-collector ICPMS. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXXV 1447... 

Extraterrestrial materials consist of samples from the Moon, Mars, and a variety of smaller bodies such as asteroids and comets. These planetary samples have been used to deduce the evolution of our solar system. A major difference between extraterrestrial and terrestrial materials is the existence of primordial isotopic heterogeneities in the early solar system. These heterogeneities are not observed on the Earth or on the Moon, because they have become obliterated during high-temperature processes over geologic time. In primitive meteorites, however, components that acquired their isotopic compositions through interaction with constituents of the solar nebula have remained unchanged since that time. 

Poitrasson F, Freydier R (2005) Heavy iron isotope composition of granites determined by high resolution MC-ICP-MS. Chem Geol 222 132-147 Poitrasson F, Halhday AN, Lee DC, Levasseur S, Teutsch N (2004) Iron isotope differences between Earth, Moon, Mars and Vesta as possible records of contrasted accretion mechanisms. Earth Planet Sci Lett 223 253-266... 

Post-WWII. After WWII most LP R D shifted from Germany to the USA and the USSR. Technical progress since 1945 in LP for rockets can be characterized by a host of minor improvements rather than major advances, and some spectacular applications of LP in rockets for military use and for space exploration, eg, in ICBM s (Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles) and in USA USSR Moon, Mars Venus shots . Thus the major developments since WWII have been primarily in the application of existing, though improved, propulsion systems to such highly publicized rockets as Sputnik, Vanguard, Soyuz, Saturn, Vostok, Apollo, Explorer, etc... 

Further, space shuttles, spacecrafts and other new launch vehicles would be used for exploring the moon, Mars, Saturn and other planets and again large quantities of propellants and some pyro devices as well would be required for such missions. 

Potassium and thorium, which normally occur in minor or trace abundances, have been determined in surface materials on the Moon, Mars, and an asteroid by gamma-ray spectroscopy from orbiting spacecraft. 

Nd system is used primarily to investigate the nature and timing of accretion of planetary bodies, such as the Earth, Moon, Mars, and Vesta. Current work is aimed at unraveling the roles of nebular and planetary processes in the isotopic systematics of these bodies. 

Unlike the Moon, Mars has clearly had water on its surface, at least in the distant past. The amount of water in the Martian interior, which was presumably delivered to the surface by volcanic outgassing, has been controversial. Wanke and Dreibus (1988) proposed that Mars... 

Righter, K. and Drake, M. J. (1996) Core formation in the Earth s Moon, Mars and Vesta. Icarus, 124, 513-529. 

The applications of activation analysis are almost innumerable. In the physical sciences, activation analysis is used in trace-element analysis of semiconductor materials, metals, meteorites, lunar samples, and terrestrial rocks. In most cases, the multielemental analysis feature of activation analysis is used to measure the concentrations of several trace-elements simultaneously. From these detailed studies of trace-element abundance patterns, one has been able to deduce information about the thermal and chemical history of the Earth, moon, Mars, and meteorites, as well as the source or age of an object. 

Sun Moon Mars Venus Saturn Jupiter Mercury... 

Different evolutionary histories of other terrestrial planets have influenced the relative concentrations of the transition elements compared to their cosmic abundances, as suggested by geochemical data for surface rocks on the Moon, Mars and Venus (Appendix 1). Chemical analyses of lunar samples returned from the Apollo and Luna missions show that minerals and glasses occurring on the Moon contain high concentrations of Fe and Ti existing as oxidation states Fe(II), Ti(III) and Ti(IV). Some lunar minerals, notably olivine and opaque oxides, also contain significant amounts of Cr(H), Cr(III) and Mn(H). The lack of an atmosphere on the Moon simplifies interpretation of remote-sensed reflectance spectra of its surface. 

Solar System Earth Moon Mars Venus... 

President s Commission on Moon, Mars, and Beyond. Available online at www. moontomars.org. 

Most meteorites are depleted in moderately volatile and highly volatile elements (see Figures 2-4). The terrestrial planets Earth, Moon, Mars, and the asteroid Vesta show similar or even stronger depletions (e.g., Palme et aL, 1988 Palme, 2001). The depletion patterns in meteorites and in the inner planets are qualitatively similar to those in the ISM. It is thus possible that the material in the inner solar system inherited the depletions from the ISM by the preferential accretion of dust grains and the loss of gas during the collapse of the molecular cloud that led to the formation of the solar system. There is, however, little support for this hypothesis ... 

Oxygen isotope variations in differentiated bodies—such as Earth, Moon, Mars—and the parent body of the HED group (for howardites, eucrites, and diogenites) show characteristic mass-dependent fractionation lines, with a slope of 0.52 on the three-isotope plot... 

The least fractionated rocks of the Earth are those that have only suffered core formation but have not been affected by the extraction of partial melts during crust formation. These rocks should have the composition of the PM, i.e., the mantle before the onset of crust formation. Such rocks are typically high in MgO and low in AI2O3, CaO, Ti02, and other elements incompatible with mantle minerals. Fortunately, it is possible to collect samples on the surface of the Earth with compositions that closely resemble the composition of the primitive mantle. Such samples are not known from the surfaces of Moon, Mars, and the asteroid Vesta. It is, therefore, much more difficult to reconstruct the bulk composition of Moon, Mars, and Vesta based on the analyses of samples available from these bodies. 

A second possible source of meteorites is the planet Mars. Although much more distant from Earth than the Moon, Mars could be the... 

Notice that Saturn, the planet of restriction, is now in her fifth house of children, and Uranus, the planet of the unexpected, is in her eighth house of death and transformation. Those two transits, I should point out, aren t nearly enough to trigger such an exceedingly rare and terrible loss. After all, everyone who had an Ascendant in the neighborhood of 21° Virgo also experienced those transits. A birth chart must show the potential for an event in order for it to happen. And there it is The close opposition of her natal Uranus to her natal Sun, Moon, Mars, and Neptune clearly introduces the possibility of violence. The transits acted on the possibilities already there in her remarkable chart. 

To infer the Hfi W ratio of a bulk planetary mantle it is thus critical to find a refractory lithophile element whose incompatibility is similar to that of W. Trace element studies on lunar and terrestrial basalts as well as eucrites show that La, Th, and U have similar incompatibilities as W (27, 28). From these studies the HfrW ratios of the mantles of Earth, Moon, Mars and Vesta can be estimated to be -20, 26, 4, and 35, respectively. 

Table 1 summarizes the techniques used to measure noble gases. By far the most important is mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometers in space are used, e.g., for solar wind and solar energetic particle measurements or atmospheric analyses on Venus, Moon, Mars and Jupiter, while mass spectrometers in the laboratory allow us to analyze extraterrestrial samples available on Earth, i.e., lunar samples, meteorites, interplanetary dust or solar corpuscular radiation trapped by foils exposed in space. Of course. 

Like the Earth, Mars has a true atmosphere and interior volatile reservoirs, and it has been generating volcanic rocks throughout most of its history. Like the Moon, Mars has a surface that is exposed to enough galactic cosmic rays to generate abundant spallation reactions in surface rocks, and impact is likely one of the most common sources of heating for metamorphism. 

In this chapter we overview (1) the progress in telescopic and spacecraft observations of the opposition effects of some atmosphereless celestial bodies and (2) the problems in understanding the photometric and polarimetric properties of planetary regoliths at small phase angles. Since several reviews of photometric and polarimetric observations of the Moon, Mars, asteroids, and planetary satellites have been published [34-36], we focus on findings related predominantly to imaging photometry and polarimetiy of planetary surfaces with spacecraft and telescopic techniques. We consider also recent results concerning photometric and polarimetric observations of minor planets. 

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