MARS technique

Deep fluonnation using the La-Mar technique was carried out on polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene [M], on polyethers [19, 20, 21], and on polyesters subsequently treated with sulfur Cetrafluoride [22] Deep fluorinations carried out under conditions producing limited fragmentation produced oligomeric perlluoropolyethers from powdered polyethylene oxide [23] Deep fluorinations earned out in the limited presence of molecular oxygen result in the conversion of... 

The coupled methods, GC/MS and LC/MS, form very powerful combinations for simultaneous separation and identification of components of mixtures. Hence, these techniques have been used in such widely disparate enterprises as looking for evidence of life forms on Mars and for testing racehorses or athletes for the presence of banned drugs. 

Brink, J. A. and J. D. Porthhouse, Efficient Dust Control Via New Sampling Technique, Chem. Engineering, Mar. 10, 1969,... 

Van Winkle, M., Todd, W.G. Minimizing Distillation Costs Via Graphical Techniques, Chemical Engineering, Mar. 6, 1972, p. 105. 

Martin J.M., Nirel P., Thomas A.J., Sequential extraction techniques Promises and Problems, Mar Chem 1987 22 313-341. 

Iron is one of the most abundant elements in the universe. Mossbauer (MB) spectroscopy is an established laboratory technique and a powerful tool to study Fe-bearing substances. The surface of Mars is Fe-rich compared to Earth, and a miniaturized MB spectrometer (MIMOS II) was developed for its robotic exploration as part of NASA s Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission (Klingelhofer et al. 2003). 

Utvik, T.I.R. Durell, G.S. Johnsen, S. 1999, Deteimining produced water originating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in North Sea waters Comparison of sampling techniques. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 38 977-989. 

Over the years there have been considerable improvements in the available sequence analysis techniques. In particular the sequence profile method [3] with its more recent extension to generalized profiles [4], and various fJidden Mar-... 

Sweeney RE, Kaplan IR (1980) Natural abundance of as a source indicator for near-shore marine sedimentary and dissolved nitrogen. Mar Chem 9 81-94 Sweeney RE, Liu KK, Kaplan IR (1978) Oceanic nitrogen isotopes and their use in determining the source of sedimentary nitrogen. In Robinson BW (ed.) DSIR Bull 220 9-26 Swihart GH (1996) Instrumental techniques for boron isotope analysis. Rev Miner 33 845-862 Swihart GH, Moore PB (1989) A reconnaissance of the boron isotopic composition of tourmaline. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 53 911-916... 

The development and refinement of population balance techniques for the description of the behavior of laboratory and industrial crystallizers led to the belief that with accurate values for the crystal growth and nucleation kinetics, a simple MSMPR type crystallizer could be accurately modelled in terms of its CSD. Unfortunately, accurate measurement of the CSD with laser light scattering particle size analyzers (especially of the small particles) has revealed that this is not true. In mar cases the CSD data obtained from steady state operation of a MSMPR crystallizer is not a straight line as expected but curves upward (1. 32. 33V This indicates more small particles than predicted... 

Raman spectroscopy, while typically used as a micro-analytical tool, can be conducted remotely. Performance of remote Raman analysis have been recently explored and reahzed for experiments on the surface of Mars (Sharma et al. 2001 Sharma et al. 2003). Raman spectroscopy is a powerful technique for mineralogical analysis, where the sharpness of spectral features of minerals allows for much less ambiguous detection, especially in the presence of mixtures. Visible, near-infrared, thermal, reflectance and in many cases emission spectroscopy of minerals all suffer from broad overlapping spectral features, which complicates interpretation of their spectra. On the other hand, Raman spectra of minerals exhibit sharp and largely non-overlapping features that are much more easily identified and assigned to various mineral species. 

The Moon and Mars have very different compositions and have had very different geologic histories. However, the geochemical techniques applied to both bodies are similar, and the results illustrate the power of chemical data in planetary exploration. Combinations of... 

Marlies Teichmuller. We have observed dark spots in vitrinites (especially in anthracites) under the electron microscope without impregnating the coal. The technique was to grind the coal in a rocking ball mill, and treat the very fine particles obtained by this process as thin sections, (cf. R. Meldau and M. Teichmuller, Ol Kofde 37, 751 (1961)). 

---