Information accessibility

Since the early 20th century, chemists have represented molecular information by molecular models. The human brain comprehends these representations of graphical models with 3D relationships more effectively than numerical data of distances and angles in tabular form. Thus, visualization makes complex information accessible to human understanding easily and directly through the use of images. 

Health Periodicals Database Information Access Company BRS, Data-Star, Dialog, CompuServe health, nutrition, and fitness... 

U.S. National Library of Medicine Information Access Company Elsevier Science PubHshers... 

The Department of Industrial Safety has been collecting and recording component failure data since 1978. For this purpose use is made of the following sources of information accessible (international) data-banks, literature and data... 

Information access breakdowns occur when pertinent information has been stored but it either cannot be accessed for technical reasons or for some reason cannot be found in a meaningful or expedient manner for a particular application. Technical reasons can include legacy databases that are not connected with current systems, incompatibility issues between systems, problems of localized access (information can only be accessed within a site, a group or domain area, or even a personal computer), and authentication (people do not have the required authority to access information they need or cannot remember usernames and passwords). 

Often overlooked but of no less importance, information access breakdowns often occur even when there is no underlying technical reason. Common causes are that it is not clear what system should be used to find a particular piece of information or that its absence on one system incorrectly implies that it is not available elsewhere. Even if a scientist knows which system to use to look for a piece of information, if the interface is not contextualized for her particular domain or project the information may be missed because it is presented in a fashion that is not familiar to the user. A problem that is harder to correct occurs when a person requires a piece of information but is unsure whether that information even exists at all. 

Interaction Software for information access and storage by humans,... 

The wealth of information accessible by analyzing this type of PFG NMR data is reflected in Figure 3.1.1. This shows a representation of the (smoothed) propagators for ethane in zeolites NaCaA (a special type of nanoporous crystallite) at two different temperatures and for two different crystal sizes. Owing to their symmetry in space, it is sufficient to reproduce only one half of the propagators. In fact,... 

Charge distributions and bonding in compounds of Cd and Hg in the solid and gaseous states can be studied by the well-established X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometry (UPS), respectively. With XPS, inner-shell electrons are removed which are indirectly influenced by the bonding, i.e., distribution of the valence electrons. UPS sees this electron distribution directly, since it measures the residual kinetic energies of electrons removed from the valence shells of the atoms, or, better, from the outer occupied orbitals of the molecules. The most detailed information accessible by UPS is obtained on gases, and it is thus applied here to volatile compounds, i.e., to the halides mainly of Hg and to organometallic compounds. 

Cancer Information Access to cancer-oriented databases http yywww.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databasescancer.html... 

Although changes in instrumentation and laboratory compliance will continue to drive the evolution of CDS products, the real challenge is related to globalization and its impact on information accessibility and information management. 

In many catalytic systems, nanoscopic metallic particles are dispersed on ceramic supports and exhibit different stmctures and properties from bulk due to size effect and metal support interaction etc. For very small metal particles, particle size may influence both geometric and electronic structures. For example, gold particles may undergo a metal-semiconductor transition at the size of about 3.5 nm and become active in CO oxidation [10]. Lattice contractions have been observed in metals such as Pt and Pd, when the particle size is smaller than 2-3 nm [11, 12]. Metal support interaction may have drastic effects on the chemisorptive properties of the metal phase [13-15]. Therefore the stmctural features such as particles size and shape, surface stmcture and configuration of metal-substrate interface are of great importance since these features influence the electronic stmctures and hence the catalytic activities. Particle shapes and size distributions of supported metal catalysts were extensively studied by TEM [16-19]. Surface stmctures such as facets and steps were observed by high-resolution surface profile imaging [20-23]. Metal support interaction and other behaviours under various environments were discussed at atomic scale based on the relevant stmctural information accessible by means of TEM [24-29]. 

G.M. Stevens, Congressional Research Service, Privacy Total Information Awareness and Related Information Access, Collection, and Protection Laws (21 March 2003), p. 5. 

One of the central requirements of a civilised society is transparency. The industrial and state autliorities which create appropriate information structures do require feedback. The systematic utilisation and evaluation of offers of information is an important driver for improving the quality of information and also for developing efficient mechanisms for information access. If the pnbhc does not create any concrete demand for high-qnality information then not a great deal will be achieved on the supply side. 

To illustrate how improvised explosives are often related to historically rejected formulations a sampling of the anarchist literature will be utilized. The small cross section examined will consist of Guerrilla s Arsenal (GA) [8], Improvised Munitions Black Book Vol. 1 (BB1) [9], Ragnar s Homemade Detonators (RHD) [10], and FMX The Revised Black Book (FMX) [11], It should be stressed that this small cross section examined represents only a fraction of the readily available information accessible through the Internet. These examples are utilized solely to show the overlap of historical explosive formulations and current terrorist recipes. More examples of current-day usage of these improvised materials will be included in the next sections of this chapter. 

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