Obesity epidemiology

Miyashita, K. 2007. Anti-obesity by marine lipids In Bagchi, D., and Preuss, H. G. (Eds.), Obesity Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Prevention (pp. 463—475). New York CRC Taylor Francis. 

Yach D, Stuckler D, Brownell KD (2006) Epidemiologic and economic consequences of the global epidemics of obesity and diabetes. Nat Med 12 62-66... 

Experimental and epidemiologic evidence suggests an association between breast cancer and the Western diet (high in calories, fat, and cooked meats). Obesity in postmenopausal... 

Despite the alarming increase in the prevalence of obesity in the world, epidemiologic studies on the relation between fruit and vegetable consumption and weight gain... 

DF is a major constituent of plant foods, and its importance in nutrition and health is widely recognized. Numerous clinical and epidemiological studies have addressed the role of DF in intestinal health and in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer, obesity, and diabetes (Sungsoo Cho and Dreher 2001 Spiller 2005). The recommended daily intake of DF is 25-30 g/person (Lunn and Buttriss 2007). 

A link between heavier alcohol consumption (more than three drinks per day) and hypertension has been firmly established in epidemiologic studies. Alcohol is estimated to be responsible for approximately 5% of cases of hypertension, making it one of the most common causes of reversible hypertension. This association is independent of obesity, salt intake, coffee drinking, and cigarette smoking. A reduction in alcohol intake appears to be effective in lowering blood pressure in hypertensives who are also heavy drinkers the hypertension seen in this population is also responsive to standard blood pressure medications. 

Sundell, J. 2005. Obesity and diabetes as risk factors for coronary artery disease from the epidemiological aspect to the initial vascular mechanisms. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 7 9-20. 

Evidence from epidemiological studies demonstrates that exposures during early life stages can impact susceptibility to diabetes and obesity later in life (Lau Rogers, 2005). In particular, numerous studies have linked poor maternal nutrition with later risk for these adverse health outcomes. The Dutch Hunger Winter was a... 

Within-population epidemiological studies can avoid confounding due to differences in lifestyle, ethnicity and food patterns found in ecological studies. Seidell (1998) and Willett (2002) have reviewed within-population studies on the relation between fat intake and obesity. Case-control studies have produced inconsistent results. This format can be prone to serious biases because obese subjects have been shown to underestimate their energy and fat intake by up to 50%. Non-obese subjects, on the other hand, tend to... 

Seidell, J.C. 1998. Dietary fat and obesity an epidemiologic perspective. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 67, 546S-550S. 

Epidemiological studies have identified a number of factors that contribute to the risk of developing cirrhosis. Regular (moderate) alcohol consumption, age older than 50 years, and male gender are examples that increase cirrhosis risk in chronic hepatitis C infection, and older age, obesity, insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. 

Yach D, Stockier D and Brownwell KD. Commentary epidemiological and economic conseqnences of the global epidemic of obesity and diabetes. Nat. Med. 2006 12 62-66. 

These studies are suggeshve of a protective effect of folic acid, but the final word regarding folic acid and NTDs is not yet available. Studies conducted with a general population in the United States have been less clear tlian those already mentioned. Epidemiological studies conducted in Boston and Ontario (Werler et ai.f 1996) and in California (Shaw cf ai, 1996) seemed not to support the notion that dietary folate intake influences NTD outcome, but did suggest that maternal obesity is a risk factor. A sun ey of about 600 mothers with an NTD birth revealed no reduction in risk factor with vitamin supplements (Mills cl ai., 1989), A scenario that seems to be emerging is as follows ... 

Other epidemiological studies have ruled out the possibility that obesity itself causes a high prevalence of cardiac valvular regurgitation (52-54). 

Stengel B,Tarver-Carr ME, Powe NR, Eberhardt MS, Brancati FL Lifestyle factors, obesity and the risk of chronic kidney disease. Epidemiology 14 479-487, 2003. 

From these results, one might guess that the black population, overall, is at lesser risk for cardiovascular disease than whites. This notion is false because of the greater prevalence of obesity among blacks. Epidemiological studies have revealed that about one-third of white women are obese, while over half of all black women are obese. 

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