Malnutrition adult

In humans, vitamin A deficiency manifests itself in the following ways night blindness, xerophthalmia, Bitot s spots, and corneal involvement and ulceration. Changes in the skin have also been observed. Although vitamin A deficiency is seen in adults, the condition is particularly harmful in the very young. Often, this results from malnutrition (56). 

Lactoferrin, a protein found in secondary granules of polymorphonuclear cells, was observed to be mildly to moderately elevated in the stools of children with endemic cryptosporidiosis [91] and healthy adult volunteers with experimental infection [92], Indeed, in another study of malnourished children in Haiti, cryptosporidiosis was noted to stimulate an inflammatory response, as evidenced by elevated IL-8, TNF-a, lactoferrin, IL-13 and IL-10 [93]. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of inflammatory mediators in the development of prolonged diarrhea, malabsorption and malnutrition in immunocompromised hosts and children in endemic areas. 

Peripheral neuropathy is observed in 10-20% of patients given dosages greater than 5 mg/kg/d, but it is infrequently seen with the standard 300-mg adult dose. Peripheral neuropathy is more likely to occur in slow acetylators and patients with predisposing conditions such as malnutrition, alcoholism, diabetes, AIDS, and uremia. Neuropathy is due to a relative pyridoxine deficiency. Isoniazid promotes excretion of pyridoxine, and this toxicity is readily reversed by administration of pyridoxine in a dosage as low as 10 mg/d. Central nervous system toxicity, which is less common, includes memory loss, psychosis, and seizures. These may also respond to pyridoxine. 

Pantothenate deficiency is rare, occurring only in cases of severe malnutrition characteristic symptoms include vomiting, intestinal distress, insomnia, fatigue and occasional diarrhoea. Pantothenate is widespread in foods meat, fish, poulty, whole-grain cereals and legumes are particularly good sources. Although no RDA or RNI value has been established for panthothenate, safe and adequate intake of this vitamin for adults is estimated to be 3-7 mg day-1. Pantothenate is non-toxic at doses up to 10 g day-1. 

There are several forms of intolerance to lactose and galactose. Primary adult lactase deficiency is a normal age-related decrease in lactase activity seen in the majority of adults. Secondary lactase deficiency is a transient state of low enzyme activity following injury to the intestinal mucosa as a result of diseases such as celiac sprue, infectious gastroenteritis, and protein-calorie malnutrition. The last two states are common conditions (Dahlqvist 1983). 

The tools for nutritional assessment include medical history and screening aides, physical examination and anthropometric measurements, biochemical assessment, and tests of immune function. A general health assessment and medical history are required to rule out causes of secondary malnutrition such as poor oral health, chronic illness, disease, and medication. Malnutrition is influenced by lifestyle, which includes alcohol usage in adults, food preference, eating habits, social interactions, and economic status. Various screening tools, such as the DETERMINE checklist (White et al., 1991), are available to assess the risk of malnutrition. 

Kwashiorkor is a type of malnutrition associated with insufficient protein intake, usually affecting children aged 1-4 years, although it can also occur in older children and adults. It is likely caused by a combination of factors (protein deficiency, energy and micronutrient deficiency). The absence of lysine in low-grade cereal proteins (used as a dietary mainstay in many underdeveloped countries) can lead to kwashiorkor. 

The whiskey equivalent of 1 ounce of pure ethanol per capita per day has been cited as healthful to adults to relieve stress and promote relaxation. However, it is often abused, which can lead to habituation with consequent liver damage, malnutrition, and a wide variety of other physical and mental problems, including the development of cancer. A fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame. To fight fire, use water, water spray, alcohol foam, CO2, dry chemical. See also ETHANOL and URETHANE. 

The deficiency results from general malnutrition (lack of meat), as well as from the wheat-based diet. The symptoms include lack of sexual maturation and small stature. Supplementation of affected young adults with zinc provokes the growth... 

Garg AX, Blake PG, Clark WF, Clase CM, Haynes RB, Moist LM. Association between renal insufficiency and malnutrition in older adults results from the NHANES III. Kidney Int 2001 60 1867-74. 

The economic losses incurred by helminth infections have been assessed in several ways. In ascariasis the loss is due to the carbohydrate depletion by Ascaris worms in the patients. It has been estimated that a patient with 20 adult worms of Ascaris lumbricoides may lose 2.8 g of carbohydrate daily [8] which amounts to 2800 kg of carbohydrate per 1 million cases per day. Thus the world-wide loss of carbohydrate for 1100 million patients carrying ascariasis would be nearly 3080 tonnes per day, Stephenson and coworkers [9] have shown that ascariasis is not only associated with poor growth and protein-caloric malnutrition in pre-school children, but also reduces absorption of macronutrients and vitamin A. The authors also showed that economic loss due to ascariasis in Kenya in 1976 was about US 5 million which could have been saved by the use of an anthelmintic costing about US 1 million only. 

In addition to supplemental oxygen, adjunctive therapies to consider as part of a pulmonary rehabilitation program are psychoeducational care and nutritional support. Psychoeducational care (such as relaxation) has been associated with improvement in the functioning and well-being of adults with COPD."" The role of nutritional support in patients with COPD is controversial. Several studies have shown an association between malnutrition, low body mass index (BMI), and impaired pulmonary status among patients with COPD. However, in... 

Administration. Most children and adults do not ingest sufficient dietary calcium and require supplements (see Tables 88-5 and 88-6). Individuals with certain characteristics or conditions—such as lactose intolerance nondairy vegetarian diet malnutrition low-fat diets and glucocorticoid, antiresorptive, or parathyroid therapy—also require evaluation for calcium supplementation. To ensure adequate calcium absorption, 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations should be maintained in the normal range." ... 

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