Dynamic rate

The rated momentary peak value of the fault current, /y, will relate to the dynamic rating of an equipment. It is also known as the making current of a switching device and defines its capability to make on fault. 

M.J. Luton, J.J. Jonas, "A model for high temperature deformation based on dislocation dynamics, rate theory and a periodic intermnal stress" Acta Met. 18, 511, 1970... 

Time-resolved CL analysis is based on the measurement of the difference of dynamic rates of CL reactions as proposed by Zhang et al. in 1989 [83], It aims at improvement of the selectivity for analysis of metal ions in real samples, as it is known that generally such analyses suffer from poor selectivity since various metal ions may catalyze the same CL reaction—e.g., Iuminol/H202—under simi-... 

The GH theory can be applied for such dynamical rate effects and the transmission coefficient is given by (2.5), rewritten here as... 

The confluence of improved experimental, dynamical and quantum chemical techniques are making possible the quantitative testing of dynamical rate theories. The ketene molecule (CH2CO) is a superb example. First, the dissociation of singlet ketene... 

The same electron transfer was investigated in a polyethyleneoxide film known to be a polymer electrolyte capable of transporting ions. The electron transfer mechanism was analyzed to take place by both static and dynamic mechanisms,33) the electron transfer distance was estimated to be 1.7 nm, and the dynamic rate constant was 4.6 x 106 M 1s 1, which is two orders of magnitude lower than that in an aqueous solution. 

The modeling of RD processes is illustrated with the heterogenously catalyzed synthesis of methyl acetate and MTBE. The complex character of reactive distillation processes requires a detailed mathematical description of the interaction of mass transfer and chemical reaction and the dynamic column behavior. The most detailed model is based on a rigorous dynamic rate-based approach that takes into account diffusional interactions via the Maxwell-Stefan equations and overall reaction kinetics for the determination of the total conversion. All major influences of the column internals and the periphery can be considered by this approach. 

In the dynamic rate-based stage model, molar holdup terms have to be considered in the mass balance equations, whereas the changes in both the specific molar component holdup and the total molar holdup are taken into account. For the liquid phase, these equations are as follows ... 

In a first step Shen et al. (2000) studied the temperature dependence of the Cr3+ luminescence. Setting up the dynamic rate equations for the Cr3+-Tm3+ system, the number Ad of Cr3+ donor ions in the thermally coupled 4T2-2E excited states can be calculated according to... 

A crucial parameter for the productivity of an in-line sputtering system is the cycle time, with the deposition rate of the magnetron sputter process being an important parameter. The film thickness d [nm] at a given substrate transport speed vc [rnrnin can be calculated from the dynamic deposition rate ad[nmmmin 1] which is the film thickness when the substrate speed is lmmin-1. The dynamic rate can be derived from the static rate as [nmmin-1] on assuming the width b [m] of the coating zone. 

The droplet size and size distribution seems to be controlled by a Fokker-Planck type dynamic rate equilibrium of droplet fusion and fission processes, i.e., the primary droplets are much smaller directly after sonication, but colloidally unstable, whereas larger droplets are broken up with higher probability. This also means that miniemulsions reach the minimal droplet sizes under the applied conditions (surfactant load, volume fraction, temperature, salinity, etc.), and therefore the resulting nanodroplets are at the critical borderline between stability and instability. This is why miniemulsions directly after homogenization are called critically stabilized [19,20]. Practically speaking, miniemulsions potentially make use of the surfactant in the most efficient way possible. 

Also in the inverse case, the droplet size throughout the miniemulsification process runs into an equilibrium state (steady-state miniemulsion) which is characterized by a dynamic rate equilibrium between fusion and fission of the... 

We refer to vq and r as the rate of the brand new system and dynamical rate, respectively. It is remarkable that the power law index p is determined by the ratio of the rate of the brand new system to the dynamic rate,... 

Is is also remarkable that, according to Eq. (227), aging is an apparently unavoidable consequence of any finite value of p. Only, in the case p = oo, does the rate r(t) become time independent, thereby producing no aging. It is worth comparing Eq. (230) to Eq. (93), and to the renewal model of Eq. (85). This shows that the parameter a is the rate of the brand new system and 1 /T is the dynamic rate, thereby clarifying the renewal nature of the model proposed in Section VI. 

As far as most molecular species are concerned, the proeesses are not unitary but multiple. We see that alternative equipment provides various sequences of molecular change and different dynamic rates. It becomes immediately clear that optimization with respect to the choice of processing equipment and its operation has no absolute value. Rather, it needs to be identified and performed with respect to the subsequent function of the ingredients or structural components it produces. Within that context, the key physico-chemical phenomena within each process are identified, and the obvious connection between operations at scale and the principles outlined in the first section are provided. Each chapter provides further evidence of the need to identify the cascade of structural events beginning with molecular reorganisation and the macroscopic properties of the subsequent assembly... 

Classical VP occurs as a result of chaotic motion of the driven LF oscillator toward the dissociation threshold. The effective dynamic rate constant for... 

TA Instruments (U.S.A.) have recently produced a commercial SCTA system—known as hi-res TG or dynamic rate The basic principle of this... 

Such a differential heating program leads to increased sensitivity and resolution in TGA but also to a much increased time-frame for the analysis. Dynamic rate TG appears to have addressed both of these features and hence has much potential as a high resolution/ rapid thermal analysis system, which, unlike SCTA, can be applied for rapid and reproducible thermal analysis of a wide range of complex materials. Finally, modulated temperature thermogravimetrie analysis has enhanced potential for the kinetic analysis of thermal decomposition reactions over conventional TGA because of its greater resolution of thermal events. 

The work of several authors (Peters et al, 1993, Halley et al, 1994) has demonstrated the use of non-isothermal dynamic sweep tests to examine the combined effects of shear rate and curing on the chemoviscosity of a highly filled epoxy resin simultaneously. These tests use a selected temperature ramp with repeated dynamic rate sweeps to investigate the effects on the chemoviscosity. The advantage of these tests is that the effects of shear rate and cure are not separated, which is similar to processing conditions. 

Hydrology Seepage Water level Water level dynamics Rate of flow Barriers Flood Temperature stratification Drainage dynamics... 

Classical VP occurs as a result of chaotic motion of the driven LF oscillator toward the dissociation threshold. The effective dynamic rate constant e, Q) for the crossing the chaotic sea that separates the initial state of energy e from the dissociation threshold can be defined as a reciprocal time during which the initial population drops by a factor of e. It has been shown that a fair approximation to... 

The reactor might become blocked unless the material has a high void ratio. CaCl2 has a melting point of 782°C, thus a temperature more than 100°C lower is suitable for the fixation process. The mineralization reaction is exothermic therefore, the temperature must be well controlled. In the reactor design for the mineralization reaction, dynamic rate and flow analysis for irreversible adsorption is applicable. 

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