Disorders affecting

Osteoarthritis, the most common arthritic disorder, affects some 30 million Americans each year. Caused by daily wear and tear on joints or injury, osteoarthritis is painful and restricts daily activity. It can affect the basal joint of the thumb, as well as the knee, hip, and other joints. 

The use of recombinant hematopoietic growth factors (i.e., the commercially available forms of the native products) has been evaluated in many disorders affecting all types of blood cells. Recombinant human hematopoietic growth factors are identified as rHu. Not all uses discussed have received regulatory approval in all countries. 

Disorders affecting the import pathways to mitochondria, peroxisomes, and the nucleus (e.g., mutations in the peroxisomal Pex proteins leading to Zellweger syndrome). 

These dru are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity. Hydroxychloroquine is contraindicated in patients with porphyria (a group of serious inherited disorders affecting the bone marrow or the liver), psoriasis (chronic skin disorder), and retinal disease (may cause irreversible retinal damage). MTX is contraindicated during pregnancy because it is a Pregnancy Category X dmg and may cause birth defects... 

Rosacea is a chronic disorder affecting the central parts of the face, characterized by flushing, persistent erythema and teleangectasia. Inflammatory papules and pustules can develop within the areas of erythema. Rosacea typically occurs in adults with fair skin and light eye and hair color. In contrast to acne, rosacea is not typically follicular in nature and comedones and seborrhea are usually absent. Pyoderma fa-dale is deemed to be an explosive form of rosacea, often occurring in young women with a phenotype typical of rosacea patients, often in the context of stress (Fig. 11.16). 

Deletions in the elastin gene (located at 7qll.23) have been found in approximately 90% of subjects with Williams syndrome, a developmental disorder affecting connective tissue and the central nervous system. The mutations, by affecting synthesis of elastin, probably play a causative role in the supravalvular aortic stenosis often found in this condition. A number of skin diseases (eg, scleroderma) are associated with accumulation of elastin. Fragmentation or, alternatively, a decrease of elastin is found in conditions such as pulmonary emphysema, cutis laxa, and aging of the skin. 

Table52-1. Summaryofthecausesofsome important disorders affecting red blood cells.

Bipolar I disorder affects men and women equally bipolar II seems to be more common in women. Rapid cycling and mixed mania occur more often in women. Individuals with bipolar disorder commonly have another psychiatric disease with 78% to 85% reporting another Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) diagnosis during their lifetime. The most common comorbid conditions include anxiety, substance abuse, and eating disorders.2... 

Grof, P., Alda, M., Grof, E., Zvolsky, P. Walsh, M. (1994). Lithium response and genetics of affective disorders. /. Affect. Disord., 32, 85-95. 

Schizophrenia is a chronic, complex psychiatric disorder affecting approximately 1% of the population worldwide. The chronic nature of the illness, in addition to the early age of onset, results in direct and indirect health care expenditures in the U.S., which amount to approximately 30 to 64 billion dollars per year [4]. It is perhaps the most devastating of psychiatric disorders, with approximately 10% of patients committing suicide. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia postulates that overactivity at dopaminergic synapses in the central nervous system (CNS), particularly the mesolimbic system, causes the psychotic symptoms (hallucinations and delusions) of schizophrenia. Roth and Meltzer [5] have provided a review of the literature and have concluded a role for serotonin as well in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia. The basic premise of their work stems from the known interaction between the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. 

Other acquired disorders affecting myelin in humans may be secondary to viral infections, neoplasias or immunosuppressive therapy 646... 

Other acquired disorders affecting myelin in humans may be secondary to viral infections, neoplasias or immunosuppressive therapy. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, also called postinfectious or postimmunization encephalitis, represents a group of disorders usually of mixed viral-immunological etiology. The condition is most commonly related to a spontaneous viral infection, of which major examples are measles, smallpox or chickenpox [1,2]. 

TABLE B8-1 Genetically determined disorders affecting myelin in humans... 

Carnitine deficiency is a clinically useful term describing a diversity of biochemical disorders affecting fatty acid oxidation. Carnitine deficiency may be tissue-specific or generalized. 

Mutations in one nuclear gene (ATP12), encoding an ATPase assembly protein, have been associated with complex V deficiency in an infant with congenital lactic acidosis and a rapidly fatal disorder affecting brain, liver, heart, and muscle [19]. 

The typical antipsychotic drugs, which for 50 years have been the mainstay of treatment of schizophrenia, as well as of psychosis that occurs secondary to bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder, affect primarily the positive symptoms[10]. The behavioral symptoms, such as agitation or profound withdrawal, that accompany psychosis, respond to the antipsychotic drugs within a period of hours to days after the initiation of treatment. The cognitive aspects of psychosis, such as the delusions and hallucinations, however, tend to resolve more slowly. In fact, for many patients the hallucinations and delusions may persist but lose their emotional salience and intrusiveness. The positive symptoms tend to wax and wane over time, are exacerbated by stress, and generally become less prominent as the patient becomes older. 

A broad variety of diseases may cause neuropathic pain. The majority of diseases associated with neuropathic pain involve the peripheral nervous system. These diseases include traumatic injuries hereditary, metabolic, inflammatory or paraneoplastic neuropathies and infections. However, neuropathic pain can also be caused by injuries or disorders affecting the spinal cord or the brain (central neuropathic pain) tumors stroke epilepsy and neurodegenerative disorders [20]. Genetic factors appear to contribute to inter-individual differences in the susceptibility to neuropathic pain. 

Pyruvate carboxylase (also called PC) is an enzyme that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate (shown as oxaloacetic acid in the citric acid cycle diagram). Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency is a genetic disorder that is characterized by insufficient quantities of pyruvate carboxylate in the body. How do you think this disorder affects the citric acid cycle Use print and electronic resources to research pyruvate carboxylase deficiency. Find out what its symptoms are, and how it affects the body at the molecular level. Also find out what percent of the population is affected, and how the deficiency can be relieved. Present your findings as an informative pamphlet. If possible, conduct an e-mail interview with an expert on the disorder. 

Diseases of muscle are usually classified as muscular dystrophies, inflammatory or congenital myopathies, metabolic disorders affecting the muscle, and neurological diseases affecting the innervation of the muscle (so-called motor neuron diseases). In the past, the energy metabolism of some muscular diseases... 

Disorder affecting soft and hairy-leaved plants caused by strong sunlight. Scorch is made worse by the presence of water droplets on foliage, which concentrate the sun s rays. 

ADHD is snrprisingly common. In fact, it is one of the most common psychiatric disorders affecting children. In the United States, somewhere between 3% and 5% of elementary school children have ADHD. This translates into an average of one or two children with ADHD in every classroom. 

Juvenile chronic arthritis is defined as a group of systemic inflammatory disorders affecting children below the age of 16 years. Pharmacotherapy is aimed to reduce pain and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used. Ibuprofen is used at a dose of 30-40 mg/kg daily up to a maximum of 2.4 g. Other agents used include diclofenac at a dose of 1-3 mg/kg daily. 

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