Macrophage activity

Pycnogenol affects the activity of nitric oxide synthase and the production of nitric oxide in murine macrophages (RAW 264.7 cell line) activated by endotoxin (the lipopolysaccharide) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- 

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Muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine (MTP-PE), a synthetic analogue of muramyl dipeptide and an effective systemic macrophage activator, induces a variety of cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNE, as well as PGE2 (205). Preirradiation treatment of mice using MTP-PE encapsulated in Hposomes, which can intensify radioprotective abiHty, stimulates the monocyte/macrophage system and accelerates the recovery of hemopoietic cells. 

Fig. 4.1 Hypothetical model of pathogenesis of pain in DSP. (1) Injury of peripheral nerve fibers due to multifocal inflammation and secreted macrophage activation products results in abnormal spontaneous activity of neighboring uninjured nociceptive fibers ( peripheral sensitization ). (2) Furthermore, the aberrant inflammatory response in DRG leads to alterations in neuronal sodium and calcium channel expression and ectopic impulse generation. (3) This results in central remodeling within the dorsal horn due to A-fiber sprouting and synaptic formation with pain fibers in lamina 11, and maintenance of neuropathic pain ( central sensitization ). Reproduced with permission from (Keswani et al. 2002)...

MAP Macrophage-activating 6ctor MAO Monoamine oxidase MAP Monophasic action potential... 

Macrophage activation 5 Axonal degeneration 6 Programmed cell... 

Stabler T, Piette JC, Chevalier X, Marini-Portugal A, Kraus VB. Serum cytokine profiles in relapsing polychondritis suggest monocyte/macrophage activation. Arthritis Rheum 2004 50(11) 3663—367. 

Lee C, Liu QH, Tomkowicz B, Yi Y, Freedman BD, Collman RG. Macrophage activation through CCR5- and CXCR4-mediated gpl20-elicited signaling pathways. J Leukoc Biol 2003 74(5) 676-682. 

There are few clinical data regarding IL-10 in human septicemia and septic shock. Marchant et al. (M8) found high IL-10 levels in 22 of 48 patients with nor-motensive sepsis (46%) and in 17 of 21 patients with septic shock (81 %). Patients with septic shock had higher IL-10 levels, peaking during the first 48 hours and remaining detectable for 3-5 days after admission. Possibly, the intensity of the anti-inflammatory response of IL-10 is related to the importance of macrophage activation (El4). In addition, IL-10 was associated with the development of sepsis in patients with severe trauma (S19). 

Soares MB, Bellintani MC, Ribeiro IM, Tomassini TC, Ribeiro dos Santos R. Inhibition of macrophage activation and lipopolysaccaride-induced death by seco-steroids purified from Physalis angulata L. Eur J Pharmacol 2003 459 107-112. 

De Stefano, D., Maturi, M.C., Simeon, V. et al. 2007. Lycopene, quercetin and tyrosol prevent macrophage activation induced by gliadin and IFN-gamma. Eur J Pharmacol 566 192-199. 

Intratracheal instillation 14d Alveolar macrophages activation production pro-inflammatory cytokines Blood high-levels pro-inflammatory cytokines differentiation of CD4+ T cell to Thl and Th2 cells [108]... 

G. M. Baratt, D. Nolibe, A. Yapo, J. F. Petit, and J. P. Tenu, Use of mannosylated liposomes for in vivo targeting of a macrophage activator and control of artificial pulmonary metastases, Ann. Inst. Pasteur/Immunol., 138 (1987) 437 -50. 

Daemen, T., Veninga, A., Dijkstra, J., and Scherphof, G. (1989) Differential effects of liposomeincorpo-ration on liver macrophage activating potencies of rough lipopolysaccharide, lipid A, and muramyl dipeptide Differences in susceptibility to lysosomal enzymes. Immunol. 142, 2469-2474. 

IFN-y represents the main macrophage-activating factor, thus enhancing macrophage-mediated effects, including ... 

Some tumours secrete significant quantities of cytokines and additional regulatory molecules that can suppress local immunological activity. TGF-P (produced by many tumour types), for example, is capable of inhibiting lymphocyte and macrophage activity. 

Weigt, H.et al., The toll-loke receptor-2/6 agonist macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 cooperates with IFN-gamma to reverse the Th2 skew in an in vitro allergy model, J. Immunol., 172, 6080, 2004. 

BCG (U.S. Europe) Live mycobacteria Macrophage activator Bladder cancer (March 2000)... 

Picibanil (OK432) (Japan) Extract Strep. Pyogenes Macrophage activator Gastric/other cancers... 

Biostim (Europe) Extract Klebsiella penum. Macrophage activator Chronic or recurrent infections... 

MDP-PE, muramyl tripeptide phosphatidyl, Ethanolamine Lipoidal tripeptide Macrophage activating agent Osteosarcomas... 

Bestatin (ubenimex) is a potent inhibitor of aminopeptidase N and aminopeptidase B,89 which was isolated from a culture filtrate of Streptomyces olivoreticuli during the search for specific inhibitors of enzymes present on the membrane of eukaryotic cells.90 Inhibitors of aminopeptidase activity are associated with macrophage activation and differentiation, Bestatin has shown significant therapeutic effects in several clinical trials.91 In a multi-institutional study,92 patients with acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) were randomized to receive either Bestatin or placebo orally after completion of induction and consolidation therapy, and concomitant with maintenance chemotherapy. Remission duration was prolonged in the Bestatin group, although this difference did... 

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