Cytokines macrophage activation

Muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine (MTP-PE), a synthetic analogue of muramyl dipeptide and an effective systemic macrophage activator, induces a variety of cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNE, as well as PGE2 (205). Preirradiation treatment of mice using MTP-PE encapsulated in Hposomes, which can intensify radioprotective abiHty, stimulates the monocyte/macrophage system and accelerates the recovery of hemopoietic cells. 

Stabler T, Piette JC, Chevalier X, Marini-Portugal A, Kraus VB. Serum cytokine profiles in relapsing polychondritis suggest monocyte/macrophage activation. Arthritis Rheum 2004 50(11) 3663—367. 

Intratracheal instillation 14d Alveolar macrophages activation production pro-inflammatory cytokines Blood high-levels pro-inflammatory cytokines differentiation of CD4+ T cell to Thl and Th2 cells [108]... 

Some tumours secrete significant quantities of cytokines and additional regulatory molecules that can suppress local immunological activity. TGF-P (produced by many tumour types), for example, is capable of inhibiting lymphocyte and macrophage activity. 

IL-2 (Proleukin) is a cytokine that promotes the proliferation, differentiation, and recruitment of T and B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and thymocytes. Human recombinant IL-2 is designated as rIL-2. rIL-2 binds to IL-2 receptors on responsive cells and induces proliferation and differentiation of T helper cells and T cytotoxic cells. It also can induce B-lymphocyte proliferation, activate macrophage activity, and augment the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells. 

Pagan, J.K., Wylie, F.G., Joseph, S., Widberg, C., Bryant, N.J., James, D.E., Stow, J.L. The t-SNARE syntaxin 4 is regulated during macrophage activation to function in membrane traffic and cytokine secretion. Curr Biol 13 (2003) 156-160. 

The cytokines TNF-a and TNF- 3 are inflammatory mediators produced by macrophages and other cells in response to invasive stimuli such as bacterial LPS and endotoxins, antigen-antibody complexes, products of complement activation and cytokines. TNF activates leucocytes, increases neutrophil and monocyte adherence and migration and stimulates the synthesis of other pro-inflammatory cytokines. TNF-a is membrane-located and interacts with a PM-located receptor (GDI 20) leading to activation of caspases (cysteine proteases critically involved in cell death) and activation of PLA2. 

Cytokines Engaged in Antiviral Action, Macrophage Activation Angiogenesis, and Regulation of Cell Growth and Differentiation... 

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