Tool-machine industry

Active magnetic bearings are certainly suitable for turboexpanders. These bearings are now being used in the aerospace and machine-tool industries, as well as in a variety of both light and heavy industries. 

Anderson, E., Fine, C. and Parker, G. (2000) Upstream volatility in the supply chain the machine tool industry as a case study. Prod Oper Manag, 9(3), 239-261. 

This material is a chlorinated solvent used essentially for degreasing in the machine tool industry. 

The manual single-station assembly method consists of a single workplace in which the assembly work is executed on the product or some major subassembly of the product. This method is generally used on a product that is complex or bulky and depends on the size of the product rmd required production rate. Custom-engineered products such as machine tools, industrial equipment, rmd prototype models of large, complex consumer products make use of a single manual station to perform the assembly work on the product. 

In the later decades of the nineteenth century, millions of people emigrated from Europe to the United States and settled in its large cities. Steel mills, machine tool industries, railroads, canals, farms, and municipal governments provided employment for the new unskilled laborers with low wages. Almost all lived in poverty, had limited access to clean water, sewer systems, schools, or medical treatment. Settlement houses were an attempt to reverse these unanswered needs. Jane Addams founded Hull House in Chicago... 

AMT - The Association for Manufacturing Technology CECIMO - European Association of the Machine Tool Industries... 

Machined part accuracy is essentially determined by machine tool performance from the point of view of compliance to tolerance, surface definition, etc. Accuracy is one of the most important performance measures, the ability to control errors to optimize performance while maintaining cost is crucial in the machine tool industry. Different techniques have been used in to improve the accuracy of a machine depending on the source of error to study. 

Occupot/ono/ tailoring, shoemaking, electrical and machine tool industry, painting and decorating... 

Machine Tool Industry Research Association (MTIRA - UK). 

Proven in use in the machine tool industry for demonstrating the quantitative functional safety according to EN ISO 13849-1... 

ABSTRACT Since the standard EN ISO 13849-1 became effective in December 2012, manufacturers in the area of the machine tool industry have to assess the functional safety of the safety-related functions in a probabilistic quantitative way. Due to the specifications of the standard in combination with little experience and few existing quantitative data in the machine tool industry, manufacturers have huge problems by adapting the new requirements. The presented research project tries to develop an alternative and practicable procedure which shall allow the manufacturers to fulfil the normative requirements with a proven in use approach. Therefore, as shown in the ESREL-paper 2013, a first data analysis of real field data was performed to proof if the available field data in the machine tool industry is useful to develop a proven in use approach. Further the standard includes assumptions concerning the failure behaviour of the components, which were also checked with the first field data analysis. The first examination included the reliability of the analysed systems. To realise an approach for the Functional Safety of safety-related functions it is necessary to analyse these functions separately on the basis of field data. The aim and content of the presented paper is to extract the safety-relevant information out of the checked reliability field data. Afterwards, the safety-related field data has to be further analysed to identify those data that are responsible for one exemplified single safety-related function. Consequently, the received quantitative results can be compared with the requirements of the EN ISO 13849-1. 

Functional Safety of machines in a descriptive and deterministic way. Consequently, a considerable paradigm change took place to a probabilistic point of view that causes many new demands for the manufacturers of any kind of machinery and consequently for the machine tool industry. 

With the introduction of the EN ISO 13849-1 and the end of the transition period of EN 954-1 in December 2011, manufacturers in the machine tool industry are obliged to perform quantitative safety evaluations of their machines. 

The new standard claims the quantitative evaluation of safety-related functions of a machine over an expected operation time of 20 years. This can only be realised by a probabilistic assessment of the Eunctional Safety of the relevant functions. The quantitative safety which is required by the EN ISO 13849-1 is specified by different Performance Level (PL). The PL is defined as an average probability of a dangerous failure per hour and is classified in different groups. An illustration of these different groups and the procedure to select a Performance Level for a safety-related function with the so called Risk Graph of the EN ISO 13849-1 was illustrated in the ESREL-paper 2013 EN ISO 13849-1—New quantitative requirements for Functional Safety in the machine tool industry (Gunnel et al. 2013). 

A first study, which was presented in the ESREL-paper 2013, should prove, if the existing operational field data in the machine tool industry is sufficient for a proven in use approach (Gunnel etal. 2013). 

In the lead VDW-founded study a first reliability-related data analysis was performed to survey, if the existing field data in the machine tool industry are useful to use them in a proven in use approach. Further, the assumed failure behaviour of the EN ISO 13849-1 was tested. The results of the analysis showed that the existing operational field data in the machine tool industry can generally be used for probabilistic reliability and safety assessments. The assumptions of the standard concerning the constant failure behaviour could not be confirmed. 

Gunnel, B. et al. 2013. EN ISO 13849-1 New quantitative requirements for Functional Safety in the machine tool industry. ESREL Annual Conference 2013, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 

Results reported so far correspond to the slot cutter specified in Table 1.6, and used in previous work. However, tests performed by machine-tool markers generally follow the recommendations of the Machine Tool Industry Research Association (MTIRA), and these involve the use of a helix cutter. As pointed out, with the slot cutter the limiting factor of machine performance is the onset of chatter, while with the helix cutter it is both the onset of chatter and the available driving horsepower. It is clearly of practical interest to establish whether the theory of chatter allows the prediction of the stability for both types of cutter. 

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