Lysine supplemental

For swine, low-fiber sunflower meal is inferior to soybean meal as the sole source of supplemental protein. This inferior performance is the result of lower palatability and nutrient content. In swine rations, with 20-30% of the protein from sunflower meal, rates of gain are similar to soybean meal, but larger quantities of meal are required. Lysine supplementation reduces this requirement. Studies have indicated that sunflower meal can effectively replace 50% of the soybean meal in growing-finishing swine rations. Higher rates of utilization are possible as animals increase in weight because of the decreased requirement for essential amino acids (38). 

Effect of potassium and lysine supplementation on performance of young pi fed low potassium diets. 

In fungi, although a-aminoadipaie is available fiom the lysine biosyniheTic pathway, it could also be obtained from a lysine catabolic pathway, similar to that fouiKl in the actinomycetes, and be channeled into penicillin biosynthesis. In keeping with this possibility, a lysine auxotroph of Pentdltium cfiryspgenum with a block before a-aminoadi-pate formation was found to produce penicillin in a lysine-supplemented medium, and it showed LAT activity (17). Therefore, in fungi, in addition to the lysine biosynthetic pathway, lysine catabolism may also provide a-aminoadipate for penicillin biosynthesis however, the relative contribution of each pathway is unclear. 

The protein of meat by-products is of good quality (BV approximately 0.67 for adult man) and is particularly useful as a lysine supplement. Unfortunately, it is a poor source of methionine and tryptophan. Various unidentified beneficial factors... 

Involvement in the Body Sources Plant vs Animal Other Lysine Sources Factors Affecting Availability Lysine Supplementation Lysine and Herpes Infections... 

Lysine enrichment is a debatable issue, depending on a variety of factors, primarily the continued availability of major sources of calories and protein. Supplementation is of little value if there is not enough food. But lysine supplementation is a potential tool. 

Studies are needed on the effects of supplementing athletes with various individual AAs. Many claims are made for ARG-based supplements for enhancing NO synthesis, but there is very limited evidence to support such a practice in healthy athletes. There may be a reasonable case for recommending lysine supplementation in athletes who consume vegetarian or near-vegetarian diets. Comparison of the lysine intakes of vegetarian athletes with the RDA for lysine could prove to be enlightening. 

Lysine supplementation in patients with renal failure is contraindicated, as the amino acid shows some degree of nephrotoxicity. 

Urea is also used as feed supplement for mminants, where it assists in the utilization of protein. Urea is one of the raw materials for urea—formaldehyde resins. Urea (with ammonia) pyrolyzes at high temperature and pressure to form melamine plastics (see also Cyanamides). Urea is used in the preparation of lysine, an amino acid widely used in poultry feed (see Amino acids Feeds and feed additives, petfoods). It also is used in some pesticides. 

Most of the bacteria, yeasts, molds, and higher fungi of interest for SCP production are deficient in methionine and must be supplemented with this amino acid to be suitable for animal feeding or human food appHcations. Also, lysine—arginine ratios should be adjusted in poultry rations in which yeast SCP is used (62). Human feeding studies have shown that only limited quantities of yeast such as Candida utilis can be added to food products without adverse effects on flavor (63). 

Table 11 presents data on the protein quaUty of a variety of LPC products obtained from rat-feeding studies. Typical protein efficiency ratio (PER) values for LPCs derived from alfalfa range from 1.41 without supplementation to 2.57 with 0.4% methionine added casein can be adjusted to a PER of 2.50 (98,100). Biological values (BV) of mixtures of LPCs, such as barley and rye grass or soybean and alfalfa, maybe higher than either LPC alone. The effect has been attributed to the enhanced biological availabihty of lysine in these mixtures (99). 

In terms of amino acids bacterial protein is similar to fish protein. The yeast s protein is almost identical to soya protein fungal protein is lower than yeast protein. In addition, SCP is deficient in amino acids with a sulphur bridge, such as cystine, cysteine and methionine. SCP as a food may require supplements of cysteine and methionine whereas they have high levels of lysine vitamins and other amino acids. The vitamins of microorganisms are primarily of the B type. Vitamin B12 occurs mostly hi bacteria, whereas algae are usually rich in vitamin A. The most common vitamins in SCP are thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, choline, folic acid, inositol, biotin, B12 and P-aminobenzoic acid. Table 14.4 shows the essential amino acid analysis of SCP compared with several sources of protein. 

Misra R, Srivastava N, Misra UK, et al. 1980. Effect of endosulphan on aniline hydroxylase activity of hepatic SER in rats fed lysine, threonine deficient and supplemented rice diets. Nutrition Reports International 21 425-428. 

Amino acids, e.g. glutamate, lysine Corynebacterium glutamicum Brevibacterium flavum Supplementation of feeds/food intravenous infusion fluid constituents... 

The grain or pulse forms of legumes have a high total protein content (20-26%) and can therefore be used as a natural supplement to cereals. Pulses are normally deficient in the essential amino acids methionine and cystine but contain enough lysine, whereas cereals are deficient in lysine but contain enough methionine and cystine. 

Glutaric acidurias Type I Primary defect of glutarate oxidation Type II Defect of electron transfer flavoprotein Type I Severe basal ganglia/cerebellar disease with macrocephaly. Onset 1-2 years Type II Fulminant neurological syndrome of the neonate. Often with renal/hepatic cysts. Usually fatal Diet low in lysine and tryptophan Supplementation with coenzyme Q, riboflavin, carnitine... 

Toray (1) A large Japanese chemicals manufacturer, perhaps best known for its process for synthesizing /-lysine for use as a dietary supplement. The starting material is cyclohexene which is converted in five steps to racemic lysine. An enzymic process isolates the desired optical isomer, the other is recycled. 

Cooked glandless cottonseed protein quality was superior to that of raw and roasted cottonseed. The roasting process adversely affected protein quality. Supplementation of roasted cottonseed with 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8% L-lysine indicated a peak PER response at 0.45%. The adverse effect of roasting on the protein quality of cottonseed was overcome by addition of L-lysine which made the protein... 

Characteristically, legume seeds are rich in protein and contain intermediate to high levels of lysine and threonine which are important in balancing the deficiencies of these essential amino acids in cereal diets. Certain legume proteins, such as soybean, also exhibit strong functional properties, especially water solubility, water and fat binding and emulsification. Thus soybean flours, protein concentrates and isolates have been used widely as nutritional supplements and functional ingredients in foods. 

Horigome et al. (3J5) reported a PER of 1.9 for protein recovered from an industrial sweet potato starch facility. They were able to increase the PER to 2.5 by supplementing the diets with lysine and methionine. A portion of these amino acids were either destroyed or made biologically nonavailable by the processing operation. The possibility also exists that these amino acids were limiting in the cultivars studied. 

L-Lysine is an essential amino acid and is used in veiy large quantities to supplement human foods and animal feeds so as to improve their nutritional quality. Efficient fermentation for its production have been developed in Japan. An alternative production process method involves first the chemical synthesis of DL-df-amino-... 

Animal feeds are a major market, especially for monogastric animals. This is because their nutritional requirements are high and the lysine content of traditional feed such as soy or maize is low. A supplementation of feeds with individual essential amino acids is necessary because a high protein contents lead to excessive manure production, especially by pigs. 

Potatoes are an excellent source of carbohydrates and contain significant amounts ofphosphorus, potassium, calcium, and vitamins, especially vitamin C. Potato protein content, at over 10%, is relatively close to that of wheat flour (11%) also, thanks to their lysine, methionine, cystine and cysteine contents, potatoes are a valuable supplement to cereal proteins. For instance, potatoes provide a significant source of proteins (10-15% of total requirements), a major source of vitamin C, an important source of energy, and also minerals like iron and other vitamins such as thiamin, nicotinic acid, riboflavin, and pro-vitamin A (p carotene) (Salunkhe and Kadam, 1991). 

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