Lymphocytes nodes

In the specialized environment of secondary lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes or spleen, dendritic cells provide the requirements for naive T-lymphocytes to become activated and to proliferate. The professional antigen-presenting cells present peptides in MHC II, express costimulatory molecules, and release cytokines into the immunological synapse, which is formed by the antigen-presenting cell and the naive T-lymphocyte. Thus, cells of innate immunity initiate and facilitate the activation of naive lymphocytes, and it is easily conceivable that their cytokines and adhesion molecules will instruct the naive T-lymphocyte during activation and differentiation to T-effector cells. 

Immune Defense. Figure 2 Cytokines involved in the development of adaptive immune responses in secondary lympoid tissues such as the lymph nodes or spleen. Abbreviations B B-lymphocyte, IFN interferon, Ig immunoglobulin, IL interleukin, NK natural killer cell, TE T-effector (cytotoxic) lymphocyte, TH T-helper lymphocyte... 

NF-kB is also crucial for the proper functioning of the adaptive immune system not only by acting on the immune cells themselves but also by participating in the development and organization of the secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen, and Peyer s patches), in which both B and T lymphocytes undergo maturation and activation. NF-kB proteins have an important role in lymphocyte development and... 

The pathophysiology of HL is defined by the presence of the RS cell in a grouping of lymph nodes. The RS cell is a large cell morphologically with a multinucleated structure with pronounced eosinophilic nucleoli.5 In the affected lymph nodes, the RS cells are contained in a reactive milieu of T lymphocytes, eosinophils, histiocytes, and plasma cells, which makes them difficult to distinguish from these background cells. The natural course of the disease, if left untreated, is less than a 5% probability of surviving 5 years. 

Characterization of the morphology of the lymphocytes, the reactivity of the other cells in the lymph node, and the lymph node architecture is essential in obtaining a diagnosis and predicting disease course. The nodal presentation of NHL is divided into two main categories follicular, corresponding with... 

Han SB, Moratz C, Huang NN, et al. RGS1 and Galpha-i2 regulate the entrance of B lymphocytes into lymph nodes and B cell motility within lymph node follicles. Immunity 2005 22(3) 343-354. 

Yoneyama H, Narumi S, Zhang Y, et al. Pivotal role of dendritic cell-derived CXCL10 in the retention of T helper cell 1 lymphocytes in secondary lymph nodes. J Exp Med 2002 195(10) 1257-1266. 

Till KJ, Lin K, Zuzel M, Cawley JC. The chemokine receptor CCR7 and a4 inte-grin are important for migration of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells into lymph nodes. Neoplasia 2002 99 2977-2984. 

The CB2 receptor has a more limited distribution, being localized predominantly in the immune system. Among the human leukocytes, B lymphocytes express the highest levels of CB2, followed respectively by natural killer cells, monocytes, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, T8 lymphocytes, and T4 lymphocytes. It is also found in the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and thymus (Cabral, 1999). 

Except for lymphopenia, which was observed at all dose levels, no other effects were measured in the 100 and 300 mg/kg groups. At 900 mg/kg, significant decreases occurred in body weight, food intake, blood lymphocytes, and thymus weight, and significant increases occurred in thyroid weight, mesenteric lymph nodes, and histopathology (Vos etal. 1983)... 

No effect on milk production, feed intake, body weight, lymphocyte function, or histopathology of spleen, thymus, or lymph nodes. Postmortem examination showed enlarged liver, lungs, kidneys, and adrenals significant loss of renal function (Forsell etal. 1981 Kinzell etal. 1981)... 

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