Lupin production

Walker, S.R. and W.M. Blacklow (1994). Adsorption and degradation of triazine herbicides in soils used for lupin production in Western Australia Laboratory studies and a simulation model. Aust. J. Soil Res., 32 1189-1205. 

Sweet lupin is grown as a commercial crop in Australia, Belarus, Chile, Russia, some European countries, and else where. Australia is the dominant world producer of lupins, with an average of 1.2 million metric tons a year, accounting for around 85% of the world lupin production over the past 10 years. The European Union (EU 27 member states) is the second largest producer of lupins (FAO, 2007). The main lupin-cultivating European countries are Germany (100,000 tons/acre), Erance... 

The majority of the global lupin production is used by stockfeed manufacturers as a source of protein and fiber for ruminants, pig, and poultry or in aquaculture. Only 4% is currently consumed as human food. Seeds from bitter lupin cultivars are traditionally eaten as Lupini snacks in southern Europe. They are commonly sold in a salty solution in jars and can be eaten with or without the skin. However, since... 

LPC Product Quality. Table 10 gives approximate analyses of several LPC products. Amino acid analyses of LPC products have been pubhshed including those from alfalfa, wheat leaf, barley, and lupin (101) soybean, sugar beet, and tobacco (102) Pro-Xan LPC products (100,103) and for a variety of other crop plants (104,105). The composition of LPCs varies widely depending on the raw materials and processes used. Amino acid profiles are generally satisfactory except for low sulfur amino acid contents, ie, cystine and methionine. 

Vegetable proteins other than that from soy have potential appHcability in food products. Functional characteristics of vegetable protein products are important factors in determining their uses in food products. Concentrates or isolates of proteins from cotton (qv) seed (116), peanuts (117), rape seed (canola) (118,119), sunflower (120), safflower (121), oats (122), lupin (123), okra (124), and com germ (125,126) have been evaluated for functional characteristics, and for utility in protein components of baked products (127), meat products (128), and milk-type beverages (129) (see Dairy substitutes). 

A Phenylthalamic Acid. A product of Hungary, A/-phenylthalamic acid [4727-29-1] (Nevirol) (43), is a ben2oic acid derivative not sold in the United States. It is used to increase pollination and results in setting more fmit when weather conditions are unfavorable for normal ferti1i2ation. It is employed in both greenhouses and fields on apples, beans, cherries, lupine, peas, peppers, soybeans, and sunflower (23). 

Our standard incorporation assays contained resuspended particulate enzyme, labelled UDP-Gal (0.1 mM) and (10 mM) in resuspension buffer (Tris, pH 7.5). After incubation, reaction mixtures were heated briefly to 100°C and soluble lupin galactan was added, to ensure the precipitation of small amounts of galactan formed in the en me reaction and dissolved during the heating step. Precipitation of macromolecular products was achieved by adding methanol to a final concentration of 70%. The pellet was freed of soluble labelled products, including residual UDP-Gal, by repeated extraction with hot 70% methanol and was then analysed for labelled (l- )-P-D-galactan. The supernatant was analysed for soluble labelled products. 

Root products, as defined by Uren and Reisenauer (17), represent a wide range of compounds. Only secretions are deemed to have a direct and immediate functional role in the rhizosphere. Carbon dioxide, although labeled an excretion, may play a role in rhizosphere processes such as hyphal elongation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (39). Also, root-derived CO2 may have an effect on nonphotosynthetic fixation of CO2 by roots subject to P deficiency and thus contribute to exudation of large amounts of citrate and malate, as observed in white lupins (40). The amounts utilized are very small and, in any case, are extremely difficult to distinguish from endogenous CO2 derived from soil and rhizosphere respiration. 

J. Wasaki, M. Ando, K. Ozawa, M. Omura, M. Osaki, H. Ito, H. Matsui, and T. Tadano, Properties of secretory acid phosphatase from lupin roots under phosphorus-deficient conditions, Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Food Production and Environment (T, Ando, K. Fujita, T. Mae, H. Matsumoto, S. Mori, and J. Sekiya, eds), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1997, p. 295. 

Next to the amount of P, the chemical form of this nutrient (Lambers et al. 2002 Shu et al. 2005 Shane et al. 2008) and the availability of other nutrients, especially nitrogen, potassium, and iron (Shane and Lambers 2005) affects the formation of cluster roots. It seems to be regulated by several plant hormones. Thus, application of auxin led to the production of cluster roots in white lupin at P concentrations that normally suppress cluster roots (Gilbert etal. 2000 Neumann et al. 2000). Cytokinines might also play a role, as kinetin applied to the growth medium of P-deficient white lupin inhibited the formation of cluster roots (Neumann et al. 2000). 

Functional Properties. The pH s of the flours and products obtained by air classification varied between 6.5-6.7 (Table III), which was typical of legume flours (1.3). The proteinates were near oH 7 because of the neutralization orocedure after isoelectric orecioita-tion while the refined starch and fiber were still alkaline in pH despite several washings with distilled water. In a previous study, adjustment of the pH of lupine flour was shown to have a significant influence on functional properties (1) but pH was not adjusted in the present investigation. 

Alkaloids from many plants are considered to be used as biological fertilizers in ecological cultivation. This is very important especially in cases when more attention is given to these plants, which play not only a role in production but also in the cyclical maintenance of a field, garden or forest ecosystems . Plants containing alkaloids, for example lupines, have the ability to establish complexes with the soil and with the rhizosphere. The excretion of many chemicals from roots to soil occurs in this complex. Plant mediation with the soil environment is the result. The alkaloids play a major role in this plant-soil interaction system. 

Alkaloids are used as fertilizers for some crops. Mittex AG in Germany has developed a natural product, Lupinex, which contains quinolizidine alkaloids, minerals and carbohydrates. Lupinex has more than 9% N, 1% P and 2% K. The raw material for this natural product is a waste received from the lupin alkaloid remowing process, when the edible and non-edible components of food... 

M. A., Wysocki, W. and Gulewicz, K. 2005. Alkaloid profiles of mexican wild lupin and an effect of alkaloid preparation from Lupinus exaltatus seeds on growth and yield of paprika Capsicum annuum L.). Industrial Crops and Products, 21 1 1-7. 

Aniszewski, T. 1993 Lupine A Potential Crop in Finland. Studies on the Ecology, Productivity and Quality of Lupinus spp. PhD thesis. Joensuu University Press, Joensuu. 148pp. 

Aniszewski, T. 1993. Lupine A potential crop in Einland. Studies on the ecology, productivity and quality of Lupinus spp. PhD thesis summary. University of Joensuu. Publications in Sciences, 29 1-50. 

Gulewicz, K., Aniszewski, T. and Cwojdzihski, W. 1997. Effects of some selected lupin biopreparations on the yields of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare Vill) and potato solanum tuberosum L.). Industrial Crops and Products, 6 9-17. 

Aniszewski, T. 1993. Alkaloid-rich and alkaloid-poor Washington lupin Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.) as potential industrial crop. Industrial Crops and Products, 1 147-157. 

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