Lung response

The Hj histamine receptor regulates allergic lung responses. J Clin Invest 2006 116 1624-1632. 

Fairchild, E. J., II. Tolerance mechanisms. Determinants of lung responses to in jurious agents. Arch. Environ. Health 14 111-125, 1%7. 

Although lung response to aerosolized kerosene and the effect of kerosene on heme biosynthesis have been partially investigated, the toxicides of fuel oils as well as their mechanisms are not well defined. As such, no known therapies are available that disrupt the mechanisms of action. 

Elsayed, N., Omaye, S., Klain, G., Korte, D., Jr. (1992). Free radical-mediated lung response to the monofimctional sulfur mustard butyl 2-chloroethyl sulfide after subcutaneous injection. Toxicology 72 153-65. 

In intermediate-duration animal studies, golden Syrian hamsters exposed to camotite uranium ore dust (AMAD=1.5-2.1 pm) at a concentration of 19 mg U/m by inhalation for 16 months failed to shown signs of cancer development upon examination of selected tissues including lungs, trachea, liver, kidneys, spleen, heart, and any abnormal tissue. As compared to unexposed controls, the hamsters had significantly more necrotic liver foci and inflammatory lung responses (Cross et al. 1981b). 

WarheitDB. 1989. Interspecies comparisons of lung responses to inhaled particles and gases. CRC Crit Rev Toxicol 20 1-29. 

It has been found that both ear and lung responses are dependent not only on pressure but also upon impulse and body orientation. The shorter the pulse width, the higher the pressure the body can tolerate. 

The specific mechanism of toxicity of kerosene has not been completely determined. The primary risk from ingestion of kerosene is aspiration during emesis, which may cause pneumonitis. The biochemical mechanism of lung response to large concentrations of aerosolized kerosene (resulting in bronchocon-striction and asthma-like symptoms) may involve the parasympathetic nervous system via a direct effect on the vagus nerve or by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. The mechanism(s) of central nervous system (CNS) depression from kerosene exposure has not been elucidated, but undoubtedly includes disruption of the membranes of nerve cells. 

In contrast to the response in rats, evidence from numerous studies demonstrate that particle-exposed mice and hamsters do not develop sustained inflammation, mesenchymal cell alterations, and consequent lung tumors following high-dose, long-term exposures to low-toxicity dusts. Therefore, species differences in lung responses to inhaled particles are important considerations for assessing the health risks to nanoparticles. 

ILSI (2000). The relevance of the rat lung response to particle overload for human risk assessment A workshop consensus report. Inhal Toxicol 12(1), 1-17. 

Effect of Particle Size on Potential for Lung Response... 

Lung Surface Area Surface area, organics, and metals are important metrics for potential for lung response of inflammation, toxicity, and apoptosis (16, 17), and the surface area of particles between 50 nm and 1000 nm is expected to be the most influential in causing lung injury. 

Anderson E, Holland L, Prine J, et al. 1977. Lung response to localized irradiation from plutonium microspheres. In Walton W, ed. Inhaled Particles. Vol 4. New York Pergamon Press, 615-623. 

Lee KP, Kelly DP, O Neal FO, Stadler JC, Kennedy GL. Lung response to ultrafine Kevlar aramid synthetic fibrils following 2-year inhalation exposure in rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1988 11 1-20. 

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