LPG engines

Petrol or LPG engine exhaust gas Diesel engine exhaust gas... 

Where liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) engines are used in trucks or buses, oils for API Service SJ are often used for convenience, although somewhat lower quality oils may be satisfactory. In some cases, special oils containing no organometallic detergents (ashless additives) are recommended. 

Alternative fuels fall into two general categories. The first class consists of fuels that are made from sources other than cmde oil but that have properties the same as or similar to conventional motor fuels. In this category are fuels made from coal and shale (see Fuels, synthetic). In the second category are fuels that are different from gasoline and diesel fuel and which require redesigned or modified engines. These include methanol (see Alcohol fuels), compressed natural gas (CNG), and Hquefted petroleum gas (LPG). 

In 1987 nonmotor fuel uses of butanes represented ca 16% of the total consumption. Liquid petroleum gas (LPG) is a mixture of butane and propane, typically in a ratio of 60 40 butane—propane however, the butane content can vary from 100 to 50% and less (see Liquefied petroleum gas). LPG is consumed as fuel in engines and in home, commercial, and industrial appHcations. Increasing amounts of LPG and butanes are used as feedstocks for substitute natural gas (SNG) plants (see Fuels, synthetic). / -Butane, propane, and isobutane are used alone or in mixture as hydrocarbon propellents in aerosols (qv). 

Specifications for the principal LPG products are summarized in Table 4. Detailed specifications and test methods for LPG are pubHshed by the Gas Processor s Association (GPA) (3) and ASTM (4). The ASTM specification for special-duty propane and GPA specification for propane HD-5 apply to propane that is intended primarily for engine fuel. Because most domestic U.S. LPG is handled through copper tubing, which could fail if corroded, all products must pass the copper strip corrosion test. A test value of No. 1 represents a LPG noncorrosive to the copper. 

The emission control system for LPG is the same as is used for gasoline fueled engines with the exception of the fuel metering system. No evaporative emission system is required. Both Pt—Rh and Pd—Rh catalysts are good for emission control of LPG fuel exhaust. Pt provides the lowest light off temperature for C Hg. The sulfur content of LPG is also very low so that Pd catalysts perform very well. 

Forklift Trucks The backbone of most in-plant handhng systems in the chemical industry is the forklift truck. Available in capacities ranging from 1 to 50 tons, the most commonly used are 1-, 1.5-, and 2-ton vehicles, with the 3-ton unit occasionally being used (Fig. 21-54). The trucks are usually powered by internal-coiTibustion engines that consume liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or by electricity by means of storage Batteries. 

The gas-powered drilling and production internal combustion engines can be set up at the manufacturer to operate on gasoline, natural gas, or liquified petroleum gas (LPG). The manufacturer can also set up the engine to operate on all three types of gas fuels. This is accomplished by providing engines with conversion kits that can be used to convert the engine in the field. 

A major use of gas oil is as a fuel for diesel engines. Another important use is as a feedstock to cracking and hydrocracking units. Gases produced from these units are suitable sources for light olefins and LPG. Liquefied petroleum gas LPG may be used as a fuel, as a feedstock to... 

The low level of harmful exhaust emissions has, for instance, been one of the spurs to the wide use of LPG as a forklift tmck engine fuel in all countries because of their wide use inside buildings such as warehouses, railway station forecourts, etc. Another advantage is the high power continuously available compared with electric... 

Vehicle fleet owners often have their cars and/or vans converted to run on LPG and have an on-site bulk storage vessel installed complete with a dispensing pump. This is an attractive economic proposition for taxis, ambulances, local authority fleets, etc. Virtually any spark-ignition engine can be converted to run on LPG. It can therefore be considered for any engine-driven machinery. 

Code of Practice No. 10, Part 1 (first stage of revision), Containers Attached to Mobile Gas-fired Equipment Code of Practice No. 20, Safe handling of LPG used as an Internal Combustion Engine Fuel for Motor Vehicles Code of Practice No. 12, Safe filling of LPG cylinders at depots... 

For similar motivations, there are limited incentives to develop an alternative SCR process for stationary sources based on methane (CH4-SCR) or other HCs, or based on NTP technologies, if not for specific, better applications. The situation is instead quite different for mobile sources, and in particular for diesel engine emissions. The catalytic removal of NO under lean conditions, e.g. when 02 during the combustion is in excess with respect to the stoichiometric one (diesel and lean-burn engines, natural gas or LPG-powered engines), is still a relevant target in catalysis research and an open problem to meet future exhaust emission regulations. 

The conclusion of the section deals with an application of the engineered HRI-coated LPG to chemical sensing. In particular, 8 form sPS layers will be used on the LPG to detect trace amounts of chloroform in water revealing a sub-ppm detection capability. 

Commercial Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), is a mixture of the liquefied gases of propane (C3) and butane (C4). It is obtained from natural gas or petroleum. LPG is liquefied for transport and then vaporized for use as a heating fuel, engine fuel or as a feedstock in the petrochemical or chemical industries. It has a flammability range of 1.8% to 10% and the vapor has a density of 1.5 to 2.0 that of... 

Dimethyl ether was first proposed as an alternative fuel for direct-injected (DI) diesel applications in 1995. Since that time, engine testing has shown DME to be as effective as CNG, LPG, and methanol in producing low levels of engine exhaust emissions. Results of an engine study completed in Austria using a Navistar V8 diesel engine are provided in TABLE 12-13. 

Bass, E., Bailey, B., and Jaeger, S., LPG Conversion and HC Emissions Speciation of a Light-Duty Vehicle, SAE Paper No. 932745, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1993. 

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