Crustal movement

The features created by crustal movements may be mountain chains, like the Himalayas, where collision of continents causes extensive compression. Conversely, the depressions of the Red Sea and East African Rift Basin are formed by extensional plate movements. Both type of movements form large scale depressions into which sediments from the surrounding elevated areas ( highs ) are transported. These depressions are termed sedimentary basins (Fig. 2.3). The basin fill can attain a thickness of several kilometres. 

The above-mentioned changes in paleogeography, volcanism, crustal movement (subsidence and uplift), and stress field clearly demonstrate that these features of back-arc volcanism in early-middle Miocene are quite different from those of Island arc volcanism in late Miocene to present. According to Yoshida and Yamada (2001), the age of change in volcanism from back-arc type to Island arc type in Northeast Honshu was 12.7 Ma and this age corresponds to the age of Kuroko formation. 

Sugi, N., Chinzei, K. and Uyeda, S. (1983) Vertical crustal movements of the northeast Japan since middle Miocene. Geodynamic Sen, 11, Amer. Geophys. Union/Geology. Soc. Am., 317-329. 

Anthracite. Anthracite is a hard, black, shiny form of coal that contains virtually no moisture and very low volatile content. Because of this, it bums with little or no smoke and is sold as a "smokeless fuel. In general, coals only approach anthracite composition where bituminous coal seams have been compressed further by local crustal movements. Anthracites can have energy contents up to about 32 MJ/kg, depending on the ash content. 

Atwater, B.F., Hedel, C.W., and Helley, EJ. (1977) Late Quaternary depositional history, Holocene sea-level changes, and vertical crustal movement, southern San Francisco Bay, California. U.S. Geological Survey Professional paper 1014. Washington, DC. 

FIGURE 14.3 Map of vertical crustal movements relative to the sea level (mm/year). The map is a compilation of data from Ekman (1996) and gauge measurements in the southern Baltic Sea (after Rosentau et al., 2007). 

According to Equation 14.1, the eustatic sea-level changes as well as the vertical crustal movements. The eustatic change is regarded constant over the whole area. Hupfer et al. (2003) propose a local eustatic rise of l.Omm/year for the last century within the western Baltic Sea. The vertical crustal movements show remarkable differences over the entire Baltic Sea area (Fig. 14.3), reflecting here the glacioisostatic adjustment (GIA). The center of uplift is in the Bothnian Bay, with a rate of about 9 mm/year. The coast of the southern Baltic Sea shows subsidence reflecting compensation currents in the upper mantle. 

Brown, L. D. (1978). Recent vertical crustal movement along the coast of the United States. 

Hicks, S. D. (1972). Vertical crustal movements from sea level measurements along the East Coast of the United States. J. Geophys. Res. 77, 5930-5934. 

The crustal movement that is identified by plates sliding sideways past each other produces a plate boundary characterized by major faults that are capable of unleashing powerful earth-quakes. The San Andreas Fault forms such a boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. 

Van Mierlo J. (1975) Statistical Analysis of Geodetic Networks Designed for the Detection of Crustal Movements. Progress in Geodynamics pp. 52 - 61, North Holland, Amsterdam. 

Henneberg H. 1981 Geodetic nets installed for monitoring movements along Bocono fault in Venezuela. 1st Intern. Symp. on Crustal Movements in Africa, Addis Abeba. 

Seldom, if ever, can a landslide be attributed to a single causal factor. The process leading to the development of a shde has its beginning with the formation of the rock itself, when its basic properties are determined and includes all the subsequent events of crustal movement, erosion, and weathering. 

Liu W, Yamazaki F (2013) Detection of crustal movement from TerraSAR-X intensity images for the 2011 Tohoku, Japan earthquake. IEEE Geosei Remote Sens Lett 10(l) 199-203... 

It is known that large crustal movements (coseismic and post-seismic displacements) occurred in this area due to the Mw 9.0 event (Ozawa et al. 2011). The shift when the postevent TerraSAR-X images were taken compared with the pre-event one was estimated 3.11 m to the east and 0.55 m to the south in the Sendai area (Liu and Yamazaki 2013). Thus, the pre-event SAR image was manually shifted 2 pixels (2.5 m) to the east in order to match with the post-event SAR images. 

Ultramafic rocks are known to accumulate at relatively shallow depths in some instances when liquids of basaltic composition intrude into the crust or upper mantle, are trapped there, and solidify or partially solidify before further crustal movement allows the residual liquid to escape to the surface. Subsequent erosion and crustal uplift expose these solidified intrusions at the surface. Depending on composition and conditions of crystallization, the rocks near the bottom of such an intrusion may be mafic or ultramafic. An example of... 

---