Low markets

Adhesives based on isocyanate (especially PMDl, polymethylene diisocyanate, more exactly polymeric 4,4 -diphenylmethane diisocyanate) have been used for more than 25 years in the wood-based panel industry [88], but still have a low market value in the wood-working industry compared to systems based on UF-, MUF- or PF-resins. The main application is the production of waterproof panels, but also the production of panels from raw materials that are difficult to glue, like straw, bagasse, rice shells or sugar cane bagasse. They can be used as adhesives for wood-based products like particleboard, oriented strandboard (OSB), laminated strand lumber (LSL), medium-density fiberboard (MDF) or... 

The main use of residual fuel oil is for power generation. It is burned in direct-fired furnaces and as a process fuel in many petroleum and chemical companies. Due to the low market value of fuel oil, it is used as a feedstock to catalytic and thermal cracking units. 

As in primary recovery the slow introduction of new technology to recover zinc, which nearly always requires a separation from iron, appears to be related to the relatively low market value of this metal.187... 

Other characteristics such as chemical and thermal stability, a low tendency for forming highly stable emulsions with water media, non-biodegradability, a non hazardous nature and low market price have to be taken into account too. 

In 2005, starch-based materials were the largest class of biodegradable polymer with just over 47% of total market volumes. Loose-fill foam packaging accounts for more than a half of starch biopolymer volumes. Polylactic acid (PLA) is the second largest material class followed by synthetic aliphatic-aromatic co-polyesters. The PHA category is at an embryonic stage of market development with very low market tonnage at the moment. 

The self-medication market (medicines available without prescription) is also rather weak. Low market share compared to other European countries can be explained by the absence of specific regulations and strictly enforced public controls. 

Because char commands a low market value, there is some incentive to increase gas production at the expense of char formation. The traditional approach is to use the water gas, Boudouard, and combustion reactions (step 3) to gasify the char produced by step 1. An alternative approach is to rapidly heat solid biomass feed, modifying the pyrolysis mechanism (step 1) and reducing the initial formation of char by the pyrolysis reactions. The latter approach has been emphasized in the research reported here. 

Relatively low market volumes for products which create unfavorable economies of scale. 

There may be little economic incentive for the polluter to reduce pollution. Emission charges, disposal fees, and environmental penalties (e.g., fines) may be too low. Market prices of raw materials and utilities seldom account for external costs low prices of inputs reduce the incentive to consume less. The situation can be worsened when governments subsidize raw materials or utilities prices. 

Diols and triols are key intermediates in the industrial production of lubricants, surface coatings and synthetic resins. The classical pathway in the diol synthesis is based on the use of alkali-catalyzed aldolization followed by the Caimizzaro reaction [1]. Equilibrium amounts of sodium formate ions i.e. formic acid) are formed in the traditional reaction route. This is a serious drawback since formate has to be separated from the product mixture. The producer of diols and triols is forced to deal with a conqjonent which has a low market value. 

Low market price differences linked to low yields were mentioned by many of the interviewed organic formers that had returned to non-organic production systems (Regouin, 2003 232). 

Sleeping dog products These are problem products whose competitive situation is weak because of their low market share. In such cases process development would not be worthwhile. 

Early adhesives would just have contained the epoxy resin and hardener, and although strong bonds were obtained, particularly when subjected to shear stresses, they were inherently brittle, that is, they possessed very poor peel characteristics. A better understanding of their formulating potential has significantly changed this situation and, nowadays, unmodified epoxy adhesives have a relatively low market share of the business. 

There are several measures of marketplace standing - market share, market share rank, and relative market share. However, whichever measure is adopted, there is a strong positive correlation between marketplace strength and profitability. PIMS has highlighted the danger of low market share in an environment that is either marketing- or R D-intensive, both... 

Certain types of biomass have attracted research and industrial attention, since they are available in very large quantities and have low market value. They are algae, bagasse from sugarcane, dried distiller s grain, firewood, hemp, jatropha, maize (corn), manure, meat and bone meal, peat, rice hulls, silage, stover, and whey. 

Photovoltaic Systems. Because PV cell arrays are expensive, the cost of the electricity produced in photovoltaic systems has traditionally exceeded the cost of fossil fuel electricity. Since the mid 1970 s, however, the cost has consistently decreased so that by 2010, the cost per kilowatt of photovoltaic electricity was comparable to fossil fuel costs. Low market penetration and insufficient economies of scale have... 

Although this concept is very interesting as it allows for the possibility of infused thermoplastics , a lot of drawbacks have hindered development. Besides the fact that there exists very low market relevance and experience, the process itself is very hard to control over the whole chain ... 

No proprietary technology Not well established in high-end, high-margin systems Long lead time of globally sources components Low market demands predictability... 

---