Low initiation

To achieve the very low initial fluorine concentration in the LaMar fluorination process initially a helium or nitrogen atmosphere is used in the reactor and fluorine is bled slowly into the system. If pure fluorine is used as the incoming gas, a concentration of fluorine may be approached asymptotically over any time period (Fig. 3). It is possible to approach asymptotically any fluorine partial pressure in this manner. The very low initial concentrations of fluorine in the system greatiy decreases the probabiUty of simultaneous fluorine coUisions on the same molecules or on adjacent reaction sites. 

Increased temperature and low initial hydroquinone content favor reversion. 

Graphite properties conducive to successful electrolytic appHcation include high electrical conductivity, high degree of insolubiUty and operation at low voltage, high purity, low initial cost, easily machinable, and few limitations as to size and shape. 

The alcohol swells the poly (ethyl methacrylate) beads, rapidly promoting diffusion of the plasticizer into the polymer. As a result of the polymer-chain entanglement, a gel is formed. The conditioner is applied to the denture and provides a cushioning effect alcohol and plasticizer are slowly leached out, and the material becomes rigid. To ensure resiliency, the conditioner must be replaced after a few days. Some materials exhibit high flow over a short period compared with others with low initial flow the latter remain active longer. 

Equipment—client may not have the equipment required to manufacture a specific product. It may be that available capital and installation time are limited such that they simply can not design, acquire, install and test the process equipment to reach the desired capacity within the available budget and time. If a product is in the early stages of its life cycle, the capital required may be hard to justify. This could be based upon the low initial volume anticipated while developing the market or the need to take advantage of a time-sensitive business opportunity. Tolling can provide a means to safely produce introductoiy, short-term, or small volume products that would otherwise be uneconomic. 

What are the advantages and limitations of continuous and periodic monitoring Continuous monitoring requires a relatively large initial expenditure. But once installed, cost of operation is quite low. Periodic monitoring has a low initial cost, but is manpower intensive and therefore has a relatively high continuing cost. 

Assuming the disk is displaced 0q radians and then released, the fol lowing initial conditions apply ... 

At low (initial) eoneentration of substrate C, the initial rate (- <,(,) is first order with respeet to the substrate. 

As was shown by Zhivov, the main difference in most of the equations for the jet trajectory is the value of the coefficient i)i. The differences in experimental data obtained by different authors are mainly due to the difficulties in the measurements of nonisothermal air jets supplied with low initial velocities (2-10 m/s). There is also a different understanding of the term air jet trajectory. Some authors mean the points with maximum velocity values, while others mean the centers of gravity of the cross-sections of the jet. 

During the last two decades, a new generation of HVAC systems with concentrated air supply assisted by direaing jets was introduced in several European coun-tries. 4 >1 in one common modification, the main streams of ventilating air (heated or chilled) are supplied through a small number of air openings (grills) at low initial velocities and distributed within the space by horizontal (coaxial with main streams)... 

In lower pressure environments, the wave profiles are dominated by the consequences of deformation of the samples to fill the voids. This irreversible crush-up process strongly controls the wave speeds, which have anomalously low values at low initial sample densities. Modeling of this problem is... 

The blast resulting from the remaining unconfined and unobstructed parts of a cloud can be modeled by assuming a low initial strength. For extended and quiescent parts, assume minimum strength of 1. For more nonquiescent parts, which are in low-intensity turbulent motion, for instance, beeause of the momentum of a fuel release, assume a strength of 3. 

Centrifugal pumps are widely used in the process industry because of simplicity of design, low initial cost, low maintenance, and fle.xibility of application. Centrifugal pumps have been built to move as little as a few... 

In addition, solute foeusing is possible by maintaining a low initial temperature (e.g. 40 °C) for a long period of time (8-12 min ) to allow the mixture of deeom-pressed earbon dioxide, helium gas and the solutes to foeus on the GC eolumn. The optimization of the GC inlet temperature ean also lead to inereased solute foeusing. After supereritieal fluid analysis, the SF fluid effluent is deeompressed through a heated eapillary restrietor from a paeked eolumn (4.6 mm i.d.) direetly into a hot GC split vaporization injeetor. 

Conventional methods of flow control used inefficient throttling devices such as valves, dampers, and vanes. These devices, although they have a low initial cost, introduce unacceptable running costs due to their inefficiency. Several speed control technologies can be used to improve motor system operation. 

Counterclockwise from top (1) Extruded fins offer high performance, reliability, and economy. (2) Hy-Fin extruded-serrated fins represent the state-of-the-art in fin tube construction technology. (3) Imbedded fins are recommended for applications involving high process temperatures. (4) L-base wrap-on fins offer low initial cost for applications involving low process temperatures. 

Stauffer [stauff92] reports that the concentration of cells in this system quickly saturates. For low initial concentrations po, the viral population wins over the population of cells of the immune system and the system can be said to develop Aids. For larger po, the population of helper T cells becomes greater than that of the virus and the immune system wins. 

Another way of applying the selective extraction method directly on the initial solution is to produce a solution of low acidity. This can be achieved by using the hydrofluoride method for fluorination and decomposition of raw material. As was discussed in Paragraph 8.2.2, the raw material is fluorinated by molten ammonium hydrofluoride yielding soluble complex fluorides of ammonium and tantalum or niobium. The cake obtained following fluorination is dissolved in water, leading to a solution of low initial acidity that is related for the most part to the partial hydrolysis of complex fluoride compounds. The acidity of the solution is first adjusted to ensure selective tantalum extraction. In the second step, the acidity of the raffinate is increased to provide the necessary conditions for niobium extraction. 

Low initial cost and excellent charge retention, up to five years... 

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