Solubility yield

The colors of muscadine grape juice and wine were enhanced by copigmentation with formonetin, biochanin A, and prunetin, the major isoflavonoids extracted from red clove leaves, at ratios of 1 2, 1 4, and 1 8. The 1 8 ratio representing the maximum amount of isoflavonoids used due to its limiting solubility yielded the maximum color enhancement when compared to standard solutions of anthocyanins, at 23 and 60°C. ... 

Homoleptic silver(I) thiolates AgSR have been known and used for a long time,957,958 but until recently with little definitive information about their structures. They are insoluble or slightly soluble, yielding unreliable high molecular weights in solution, indicative of nonmolecular crystal structures. These compounds dissolve due to the presence of thiolate ions. 

This simplified calculation is used to illustrate basic computational techniques. It assumes that all of the Fe(OH)3(aq) is a true solute. The quality of this assumption is a matter of debate as at pH 8, Fe(OH)3(aq), tends to form colloids. Thus, laboratory measurements of ferrihydrite solubility yield results highly dependent on the method by which [Fe(lll)]jQ(gj is isolated. Ultrafiltration techniques that exclude colloids from the [Fe(lll)]jQjgj pool produce very low equilibrium solubility concentrations, on the order of 0.01 nM. This is an important issue because a significant fraction of the iron in seawater is likely colloidal, some of which is inorganic and some organic. In oxic... 

Detailed examination of the composition and distribution of the reaction products over a range of reaction conditions showed that the four coals exhibited certain common trends. Of particular note, there was in each case, a sharp distinction between the events which took place at low and high conversions. The division occurred at a chloroform-solubles yield of approximately 25% wt dmmf coal. 

Figure 2. Variation in atomic H/C ratio versus chloroform-soluble yields from subbituminous (PSOC-1403) and bituminous (PSOC-1266) coals (solvent-free hydrogenation 300-400°C 5-180 min 1% wt sulfided Mo 7 MPa H2 cold) (data from refs 7 and 8).

Analyses of the acetylated chloroform-insoluble residues (the acetylation reaction converts aliphatic and aromatic -OH groups to esters, allowing them to be clearly distinguished from water in the FTIR spectra) showed a similar rapid disappearance of the derivatized -OH groups above about 20% chloroform-solubles yield (16). ... 

Figure 6. Relations among fluorescence intensity, chloroform-solubles yield and Gieseler placticity for hydrogenated coal (PSOC-1510 solvent-free hydrogenation, 400 C 5-60 min 1% wt sulfided Mo 7 MPa H2 cold.

The results summarise in Table V (271 suggest that removal of some of the mobile phase prior to dry catalytic hydrogenation does not adversely affect chloroform-soluble yields obtained at long reaction times and, in the case of the lignite, the initial rate of conversion may actually be enhanced. Thus, the breakdown of the macromolecular network of coals via catalytic hydrogenation is not strongly dependent on the presence of mobile species. 

Multiplying this result by RTKi LVi (note RT = 2.48 x 106 Pa L-moL1), we find the corresponding fiigacities (Eq. 10-29). Dividing this fugacity result by the vapor pressures over the pure liquid or, more directly, dividing the equilibrated water concentrations by the liquid solubilities yields the chemical activities ... 

AgCNS (aq.). Kirschner s1 data on the temperature coefficient of the solubility yield —21.3 for the heat of solution. 

Boiling with aqua regia Slowly dissolves Insoluble save in certain alloys Soluble Soluble yielding 0s04 Insoluble Soluble... 

Curve 3 shows that as the temperature increases, the solubility decreases. This is inverse solubility. Yield is obtained by evaporating the solvent or salting out. Heat exchangers must be designed using lower temperature increases and lower ATs between the heating media and the slurry. Sodium sulfate and sodium carbonate monohydrate exhibit this type of solubility. 

Curve 4 exhibits very steep solubility. Yield is obtained by cooling the feed solution. To prevent fines formation, the cooling must exactly follow the solubility curve. This is done automatically in batch crystallizers. Continuous crystallizers in series must have the crystallizer stage temperatures selected so as not to cross the solubility curve. Benzoic acid and DMT exhibit this type of solubility. 

Coal Type C (% dmmf) Total Soluble Yield i%) Combined Phenol Content of Soluble Fraction (%)... 

In some cases, the protein of interest requires the assistance of accessory proteins to correctly assemble an active site structure. For example, iron-sulfur cluster-containing proteins are typically expressed in their apo forms in E. coli. Coexpression of a set of proteins that assists in the delivery of sulfur to these clusters can allow the protein to be obtained with its cluster intact and active. Correct cluster formation can stabilize the protein and increase the soluble yield.2... 

Effect of impeller speed on crystallization rate and approach to equilibrium solubility (yield). Failure to achieve equilibrium solubility may indicate accumulation of impurities at the crystallizing surfaces. An increase in impeller speed resulting in further reduction in solution concentration could indicate resumption of growth or additional nucleation (see Example 6-1). 

An important number of organic reactions are now catalyzed by whole cells or isolated enzymes. However, there are still problems associated with the solubility, yield and selectivity of these biotransformations. Ever since the solubilization of alkaline phosphatase in a mixture of [Et3NH][N03] and water (4 1), it has been known that enzymes can be stable in ionic liquids. Recent research shows that ionic liquids can be used efficiently as a medium for biocatalytic processes. ... 

The pharmacist should have anticipated the bio-pharmaceutical consequences of the physico-chemical properties of oxcarbazepine. The drug is classified as a Class II substance for oral application. Logically, lack of adequate solubility is even more evident for the rectal administration as the volume of rectal fluid is limited (see Table 17.1). With an aqueous solubility of approximately 300 mg/L, the solubUity of the substance in the lipophilic base of the suppositories would certainly not be higher than 9.5 mg/mL (being a direct consequence of the value of the log P = 1.5 of oxcarbamazepine). This means that oxcarbazepine is not dissolved in the lipid but dispersed as crystals, which settle from the molten suppository once introduced in the rectal cavity. The amount of rectal liquid is limited and therefore a saturated solution will exist which involves only less than 1 mg dissolved oxcarbamazepine. Low solubility yields a low concentration and hence a low driving force for diffusion to occur. As a consequence, the rate of absorption is relatively low. This slow release may lead to hardly any uptake, due to defecation within several hours after insertion. 

Jentifi- nation BulTer< Sought concen- tration pH Appearance Microscopic appearance Solubility Yield (%) X-Ray diffraction Nitrogen Formalde- hyde (over P2O5) Fusion point ("O Assigned composition... 

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