Loop circuits

Special Conditions in Closed Circuit - Where heating or cooling is used in a closed loop circuit (e.g., hot oil and refrigeration system), consideration must be given to overpressure conditions that might occur on loss of fluid flow, loss of heat input or loss of heat removal. 

Most devices are designed for a constant potential and, as a result, power is usually distributed to loads at constant potential. Two possible configurations for delivering a constant potential to multiple loads are illustrated in Figure 2-73. In the parallel circuit, the potential across the load decreases as the distance from the source increases. For the loop circuit, potentials are more nearly equal along the length of the circuit. 

A pressurizer operating within the range of approximately 2,450 to 2,750 psig maintains pressure within the closed-loop circuit. The pressurizer contains the cold spray water system, which is typically supplied at around 550 °F (288 °C), and the electric heater-bank system. These systems maintain and control primary-coolant water pressure and temperature. The high-temperature water produced in the primary... 

There is a wide range of metals commonly employed in the construction of HW closed loop circuits and LP steam heating systems, and every individual system design has particular characteristics that require specific corrosion controls. 

For active instability suppression, the approach taken in the present study is to pulse the liquid fuel at the instability frequency and adjust the timing using a simple closed-loop circuit. Because the empha-... 

During the excitation discharge phase, however, use of the closed current loop circuit results in a back emf (electromotive force) across the source... 

Since the closed current loop circuit is used ubiquitously, present circuits and electrical power systems a priori cannot exhibit COP > 1.0, since they violate Eq. (8) during their excitation discharge. Hence they violate condition 3 required for COP >1.0. 

To restore the destroyed dipole, the operator must input as much energy as was required to destroy it. But with the closed current loop circuit, this operator input a priori is greater than the useful output of work in the load. Hence the coefficient of performance (COP) of this closed current loop system (with unitary m/q of the charge carriers) is self-limited to COP < 1.0. 

We eventually identified the ubiquitous closed current loop circuit [17]7 as the culprit that enforces a special kind of Lorentz symmetry during discharge of... 

More rigorously, this is any closed current loop circuit where the charge carriers in all portions of the loop have the same m/q ratio. For example, battery-powered circuits do not meet that condition, since the internal ionic currents between the battery plates may have m/q ratios several hundred times the m/q ratio of the electrons that pass between the outsides of the two plates and through the external circuit containing the load. With Bedini s process, a battery-powered system can be made to charge its batteries at the same time that it powers its load see Bearden [17]. 

That our normal EM power systems do not exhibit COP> 1.0 is purely a matter of the arbitrary design of the systems. They are all designed with closed current loop circuits, which can readily be shown to apply the Lorentz symmetric regauging condition during their excitation discharge in the load. Hence all such systems — so long as the current in the loop is unitary (its charge carriers have the same m/q ratio) — can exhibit only COP< 1.0 for a system with internal losses, or COP =1.0 for a superconductive system with no internal losses. 

Polysilicates, incorporated in various formulations that may include P-P04 or molybdate and phosphonates/TTA/polymer, have found application for smaller, light duty, open cooling systems and closed-loop circuits, especially where naturally soft or ion-exchange-softened makeup waters have been used. The reported effectiveness of such programs has been mixed. 

There is a wide range of metals used in the construction of closed-loop circuits and the often considerable differences in the nature of the circulating water (ranging from deionized water to glycol mixtures to brine water). As a consequence, it is not possible to devise a single water treatment formulation that satisfies the requirements of all closed-loop circuits and their operators. 

Some formulators additionally use oxygen scavengers or indicator dyes in their blends. An example of a formulation suitable for a closed-loop circuit that is primarily of carbon steel construction is as follows ... 

The minimum, whole product reserve to be maintained in the closed-loop circuit is based on 350 to 700 ppm nitrite, as NO2. 

The analysis of stationary and nonstationary flow distributions in multiloop hydraulic systems with lumped, regulated, and distributed parameters and in heterogeneous systems was given in (Gorban et al., 2001, 2006 Kaganovich et al., 1997). In the concluding section of Section 5 the abundant capabilities of the flow MEIS are illustrated by the simplest example of stationary isothermal flow distribution of incompressible fluid in the three-loop circuit. It is shown how the degrees of order (laminar or turbulent modes) on the branches of this circuit are determined from calculation of the final equilibrium. 

Permanent damage to the targets of glutamatergic neurons forming closed-loop circuits in the limbic system. 

Dekel, E., Mangan, S. and Alon, U. (2005) Environmental selection of the feed-forward loop circuit in gene-regulation networks. Phys. Biol. 2, 81-88. 

The experimental apparatus consists of a closed-loop circuit which includes a pump, a filter, two flowmeters, two pressure transducers, a differential inductive pressure transducer and two K type thermocouples for the determination of the inlet and outlet temperatures (Figure 10). The test section comprises the channel between two plane bronze blocks separated by a foil whose thickness fixes the distance between the brass walls. A series of foils with several thickness enables the width to be varied (Figure 10). Details are given in [25]. 

From the molten salt 9 m storage tank, which is equipped with heating elements as well as the piping loop circuit, the molten salt is punned to the furnace to be heated, circulates then into the reactor heating plates and flows back into the tank. The total surface area occupied by the process equipment, excluding the biomass and product storage rooms, is equivalent to 850 m split into two floors,... 

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