Closed current loop circuit

During the excitation discharge phase, however, use of the closed current loop circuit results in a back emf (electromotive force) across the source... 

Since the closed current loop circuit is used ubiquitously, present circuits and electrical power systems a priori cannot exhibit COP > 1.0, since they violate Eq. (8) during their excitation discharge. Hence they violate condition 3 required for COP >1.0. 

To restore the destroyed dipole, the operator must input as much energy as was required to destroy it. But with the closed current loop circuit, this operator input a priori is greater than the useful output of work in the load. Hence the coefficient of performance (COP) of this closed current loop system (with unitary m/q of the charge carriers) is self-limited to COP < 1.0. 

We eventually identified the ubiquitous closed current loop circuit [17]7 as the culprit that enforces a special kind of Lorentz symmetry during discharge of... 

More rigorously, this is any closed current loop circuit where the charge carriers in all portions of the loop have the same m/q ratio. For example, battery-powered circuits do not meet that condition, since the internal ionic currents between the battery plates may have m/q ratios several hundred times the m/q ratio of the electrons that pass between the outsides of the two plates and through the external circuit containing the load. With Bedini s process, a battery-powered system can be made to charge its batteries at the same time that it powers its load see Bearden [17]. 

That our normal EM power systems do not exhibit COP> 1.0 is purely a matter of the arbitrary design of the systems. They are all designed with closed current loop circuits, which can readily be shown to apply the Lorentz symmetric regauging condition during their excitation discharge in the load. Hence all such systems — so long as the current in the loop is unitary (its charge carriers have the same m/q ratio) — can exhibit only COP< 1.0 for a system with internal losses, or COP =1.0 for a superconductive system with no internal losses. 

All conductors are part of three closed current loops with impressed currents which are kept constant, and a three-phase high voltage system enables simultaneous PD measurements in the three conductors (Fig. 8.9). The complete test circuit is installed in a shielded cabin as a Faraday cage, all power lines enter this cage via filter banks to suppress unwanted signal transmission to the internal test circuit. The main parts of the test circuit are ... 

In NO loops or circuits, all of the system s sensors and switches are connected in parallel. The contacts are at rest in the open (off) position, and no current passes through the system. However, when an event triggers the sensor, the loop is closed. This allows current to flow through the loop, powering the alarm. NO systems are not supervised because the alarm will not be activated if the loop or circuit is broken or cut. However, adding an end-of-line resistor to an NO loop will cause the system to alarm if tampering is detected. 

In a closed-loop control circuit, a UV sensor is used to monitor the radiant power of the lamp. In a control unit, the signal is compared with a preset signal or with a signal provided by a tachometer. The resulting difference in the signal is magnified and used to control the lamp current by transductor or thyristor switches. An example of a control system is in Figure 3.11. 

Now we have a loop parameter, the short-circuit current, which is proportional to a magnetic flux without a time derivative, like the phase difference in (21). Of course, this is now an incident flux that has been excluded by the closed (perfectly conducting) loop. 

If the inductance L in the simple circuit shown in Fig. 4.13 has a d.c. resistance of 100 Q, the current through it with the switch closed is 0.24 A. Opening the switch sets the charge in the LC loop oscillating, and the peak instantaneous current is 0.24 A. Because the maximum energy stored in the capacitor (jCU2) must be equal to that stored in the inductor (jLI2), it follows that... 

According to KVL, in a closed circuit loop, the sum of the voltage drops caused by the current across the elements, such as the resistor, capacitor, or inductor, is equal to the sum of the driving voltages produced by a voltage source such as a battery or a generator ... 

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