Localization and functions

Na+/Ca2+ Exchangers. Figure 2 Schematic diagram of NCX localization and function in a pre- and postsynaptic structure (Reproduced from Annunziato L, Pignataro G, Di Renzo GF (2004) Pharmacol Rev 56 633-654). 

Localization and Functions of Xanthophylls in Light Harvesting Antenna of Plants.117... 

LOCALIZATION AND FUNCTIONS OF XANTHOPHYLLS IN LIGHT HARVESTING ANTENNA OF PLANTS... 

Sokoloff P., GirosB., Martres M. et al. Localization and function of the D3 dopamine receptor.Arzneim. Forsch. Drug Res. 42 224, 1992. 

Hagenbuch, B. and P. J. Meier. Molecular cloning, chromosomal localization, and functional characterization of a human liver Na+/ bile acid cotransporter. J. Clin. Invest. 1994, 93, 1326-1331. 

FIGURE 24-3 Nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase (NRPTK) families. The family members are shown to the right and family name to the left of each NRPTK. Inset indicates the PTK catalytic domain and other domains for the regulation of localization and function. (From reference [5], with permission of Nature. Nature 2001.)... 

Li L, Haynes MP, Bender JR (2003) Plasma membrane localization and function of the estrogen receptor alpha variant (ER46) in human endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 4807-4812... 

Primarily to elucidate transporter localization and function, vesicles enriched in trophoblast apical or basolateral membranes have frequently been utilized. To give a few instances, they have been used to investigate P-gp-mediated transport, mechanisms of transport of cationic compounds, drug interactions with nutrient transport, and differences in amino acid transport in pathological conditions of the placenta [36, 40-42], Briefly, for preparation of microvillus membrane vesicles the cord, amniochorion and decidua are removed from placenta, and the tissue cut on the maternal side. The mince is stirred to loosen... 

H.E. Meyer Zu Schwabedissen, M. Grube, B. Heydrich, K. Linnemann, C. Fusch, H.K. Kroemer, and G. Jedlitschky. Expression, localization, and function of MRP5 (ABCC5), a transporter for cyclic nucleotides, in human placenta and cultured human trophoblasts Effects of gestational age and cellular differentiation. Am J Pathol. 166 39 18 (2005). 

P. T. Ronaldson, M. Bendayan, D. Gingras, M. Piquette-Miller, and R. Bendayan. Cellular localization and functional expression of P-glycoprotein in rat astrocyte cultures. J. Neurochem. 89 788-800 (2004). 

Acylation is used by the cell for diverse purposes, the most common being membrane association. The membrane affinity of soluble proteins is increased via acylation, which affects the localization and function of proteins. This is found for singly and dually lipidated proteins. The localization of doubly lipidated proteins is determined by dynamic palmitoylation and depalmitoylation. Palmitoylation is therefore a tool for regulating protein trafficking in the cell. The most prominent examples are the small Ras GTPases. 

Acetylation is a reversible modification on proteins that can also contribute to protein localization and function. Acetylation of lysine residues in histone proteins can control the secondary structure of chromatin as well as gene expression levels from certain loci, and chromatin remodeling and its consequences in a variety of molecular and cell biological questions are intensely researched. Many other proteins undergo reversible acetylation, and the functional consequences of these modifications are poorly understood in many cases. 

Michishita, E., Park, J.Y., Bumeskis, J.M., Barrett, J.C. and Horikawa, I. (2005) Evolutionarily conserved and nonconserved cellular localizations and functions of human SIRT proteins. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 16, 4623 35. 

Actin Mircofilament-forming protein with various localizations and function,... 

The three P-adrenoreceptor subtypes have varying localizations and functional properties. The brain contains both Pj and Pj receptors the density of Pj receptors varies in different brain areas to a much greater extent than does that of Pj receptors. Pj receptors predominate in the cerebral cortex Pj receptors are more common in the cerebellum. Likewise, there is a coexistence of Pj and Pj receptors in the heart, with both receptor subtypes being coupled to the electrophysiological effects of catecholamines upon the myocardium. Pj receptors tend to predominate in the lung. 

Khan, A. A. Walia, S. K. (1991). Expression, localization, and functional analysis of polychlorinated biphenyl degradation genes cipABCD of Pseudomonas putida. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57, 1325-32. 

The localization and function of histamine H3 receptors in the respiratory tract was excellently reviewed in 1992 by Barnes. H3 receptors were detected in lungs by binding studies (Arrang et al., 1987) and following these, in an attempt to elucidate the possible role of H3 receptors in the airway system, a series of functional studies were performed in different species and by different experimental models. A synopsis of the results obtained by several authors is summarized in Table 9. 

Schoneberg, T., Liu, J., and Wess, J. (1995). Plasma membrane localization and functional rescue of truncated forms of a G protein-coupled receptor./. Biol. Chem. 270, 18000-18006. 

Chittajallu R., Braithwaite S. P., Clarke V. R. J., and Henley J. M. (1999). Kainate receptors subunits, synaptic localization and function. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 20 26-35. 

Risso F, Grilli M, Parodi M et al (2004) Nicotine exerts a permissive role on NMDA receptor function in hippocampal noradrenergic terminals. Neuropharmacology 47 65-71 Rodrigues RJ, Alfaro TM, Rebola N et al (2005) Co-localization and functional interaction between adenosine A2A and metabotropic group 5 receptors in glutamatergic nerve terminals of the rat striatum. J Neurochem 92 433 41... 

Tremblay GB, Tremblay A, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Labrie F, Giguere V. Cloning, chromosomal localization, and functional analysis of the murine estrogen receptor beta. Mol Endocrinol 1997 11 (3) 353 365. 

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