Liver crude

Iodine occurs to a minute extent (less than 0.001 %) in sea water, but is found in greater concentration, combined in organic form, in certain seaweeds, in oysters and in cod livers. Crude Chile saltpetre, or caliche contains small amounts of sodium iodate, NalOj. from which iodine can be obtained (see below). Some insoluble iodides, for example liiose of silver and mercury(II), occur in Mexico. Iodine is found in the human body in the compound thyroxin in the thyroid gland deficiency of iodine in diet causes enlargement of this gland (goitre). 

Y. Shibusawa, T. Fujiwara, H. Shindo and Y. Ito, Purification of alcohol dehydrogenase from bovine liver crude extract by dye-ligand affinity counter current chromatography. J. Chromatogr.B, 799 (2004) 239-244. 

Carcinogens Cancer-producing agents Skin Respiratory Bladder/urinary tract Liver Nasal Bone marrow Coal tar pitch dust crude anthracene dust mineral oil mist arsenic. Asbestos polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons nickel ore arsenic bis-(chloromethyl) ether mustard gas. p-naphthylamine benzidine 4-am i nodi pheny lam ine. Vinyl chloride monomer. Mustard gas nickel ore. Benzene. 

Homogenization of liver in buffer solution to give Crude homogenate... 

The only other examples of bromoconduritol inhibition reported so far are a cytosolic jff-D-glucosidase from calf liver and the lysosomal ff-D-glu-cosidase from calf spleen. In spite of the 6500-fold difference in their reactivity with conduritol B epoxide (see Table XI), both enzymes are rapidly inactivated by bromoconduritol F, with kj(max)/Kj 10 M min for the cytosolic enzyme and lq(max)/Ki 3.2 10 for the crude and 3.9 10 M min for the purified lysosomal enzyme. It should be noted that purification of the lysosomal jS-D-glucosidase had effects on the reactivity with bromoconduritol F similar to those it had on the reactivity with conduritol B epoxide (see Table XI). 

Proteins. Standard proteins for column calibration curves were obtained from Boehringer Mannheim. The methods outlined by Latham et al, (15) were followecLto prepare and label crude rat liver nuclear extract with -triiodothyronine. Normal con-... 

Figure 7. Purification of Tj nuclear receptors on the SW 3000 column. Crude liver nuclear extract was prepared and incubated with as outlined in the...

In the USA, purity alone often facilitates patenting of a product of nature (Table 4.1). The US Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) recognizes purity as a change in form of the natural material. For example, although vitamin B12 was a known product of nature for many years, it was only available in the form of a crude liver extract, which was of no use therapeutically. Development of a suitable... 

Bloom (12J reported that in both older rats (63 days of age) and younger rats (33 days of age) the amount of calcium retained was less when 5% dried spinach, either raw or cooked, was included in the diet in 1-week balance studies (Figure 1). The experimental diets contained about 0.4% calcium, and one drop of cod liver oil was given each rat every day. Most of the calcium excretion on the spinach diet was in the feces. Retentions of calcium on the basal low fiber diet and on diets containing filter paper in amounts to equal the crude fiber in spinach or 12 times the crude fiber in spinach were high. There was no significant difference in calcium retentions between raw and cooked spinach. The low retention of calcium from spinach could not be attributed to the presence of crude fiber in the diet. 

The first of these new, electron transferring components was coenzyme Q (CoQ). Festenstein in R.A. Morton s laboratory in Liverpool had isolated crude preparations from intestinal mucosa in 1955. Purer material was obtained the next year from rat liver by Morton. The material was lipid soluble, widely distributed, and had the properties of a quinone and so was initially called ubiquinone. Its function was unclear. At the same time Crane, Hatefi and Lester in Wisconsin were trying to identify the substances in the electron transport chain acting between NADH and cytochrome b. Using lipid extractants they isolated a new quininoid coenzyme which showed redox changes in respiration. They called it coenzyme Q (CoQ). CoQ was later shown to be identical to ubiquinone. 

By comparison, Venezuelan crude (exposed to 1-3 mis as a surface slick in a 20 1 aquarium for 3 days) was effective in inducing liver as well as heart, kidney, and spleen tissues (Table V). 

Another experiment used cod liver oil, crude krill extract, and the krill odor components trimethylamine and pyrazine, with phenylethanol (rose odor) as control. Several procellariiform species were attracted to krill extract. The krill odor components attracted giant petrels, cape petrels, blue petrels, Antarctic petrels, Kerguelen petrels, and black-browed albatrosses. Cape petrels were more attracted to trimethylamine than to pyrazine and cod liver oil hut blue petrels responded most to cod liver oil (Nevitt, 1999). 

In rats administered a single dose of C-2-hexanone at 200 mg/kg by gavage, tissue distribution was reported to be widespread with highest counts in the liver and blood. No quantitative data were given on tissue distribution (DiVincenzo et al. 1977). An analysis of subcellular distribution of the C label in liver, brain, and kidney tissue indicated highest counts were associated with the crude lipid fraction and protein, with some recovery in DNA, and little or none in RNA. 

CS141 Sethi, N., P. K. Agnihotri and S. Srivastava. Aminopyrine-n-demethy-lase activity of rat liver after adminis- CS152 tration of crude cannabis extract. 

Toxicity. Atractyloside, a diterpenoid glycoside that occurs naturally in plants, may be present at levels as high as 600 mg/kg of dried plant material. Gonsumption of plants containing atractyloside or carboxyatractyl-oside has caused fatal renal proximal tubule necrosis and/or centrilobular hepatic necrosis in man and farm animals. Although pure atractyloside and crude plant extracts disrupt carbohydrate homeostasis and induce similar pathophysiological lesions in the kidney and liver, it is also possible that the toxicity of atractyloside may be confounded by the presence of other natural constituents in plants. Atractyloside competitively inhibits the adenine nucleoside... 

Dried seeds are mixed with crude sugar and eaten to terminate early pregnancy " " . Hot water extract of the dried root is taken orally as a tonic, expectorant, diuretic, stomachic, and liver cleanser " "" ". Hot water extract of the leaf is taken orally as a uterine stimulant during parturition " """". Hot water extract of the seed is taken orally as an abortifacient, emmenagogue, and aphrodisiac " """ . The dried seeds are used as a powerful abort -facient " """". The root is taken orally as a hypotensive medication " """ . 

Hong, N. D., J. W. Kim, B. W. Kim, and J. G. Shon. Studies on the efficacy of the combined preparation of crude drugs. 6. Effect of Saengkankunbi-tang on activities of the liver enzyme, protein contents and the excretory action of bile juice in the serum of CCL4-intoxicated rabbits. Korean J Pharmacog 1982 13 33-38. 

Already in 1946, Knox (46JBC699) presented evidence for the ability of a crude preparation of rabbit liver aldehyde oxidase to catalyze oxidation of diverse quaternary aromatic heterocyclic compounds. Later, it was demonstrated that mammalian liver contains an enzyme system that can oxidize N-methylnicotinamide 230 to both the pyridones 231 and 232 (64JBC2027 66BBA556 67JBC1271 67JBC1274). 

Uyttenhove K, Bollen M, Stalmans W (1991) An optimized assay of phosphorylase kinase in crude liver preparations. Biochem J 278 899-904... 

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