Lithium-Ion Batteries LIBs

Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) and electrochemical capacitors (ECs) are two important energy storage devices that can complement each other. LIBs work slowly but provide high energy density whereas ECs offer high power density, but suffer from lower energy density [30],... 

Since its introduction in 1990, the secondary rechargeable lithium-ion battery (LIB) with high energy density and power capability has become an important power source for portable electronic devices, such as cellular phones, laptop computers, and portable media players. Recently, LIB research has also widened to include the hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). 

Of interest are HSCs, in which the active anode material and material of support for the cathode is graphene and the cathode material is lithium iron phosphate LiFeP04 (or some other substance intercalating lithium) that is used as the cathodic material in lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Such HSCs contain nonaqueous electrolytes, for example, 1M LiPFg/EC-fDM. These HSCs have considerably higher power density values but lower energy density values as compared to LIBs. 

The ionic conductivity of the nonaqueous electrolyte used in lithium-ion batteries (LIB) is much lower than that of the aqueous electrolyte used in nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) and nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries. Thus, to obtain a high-current output, LIB require much thinner and much wider electrodes than do Ni-Cd and Ni-MH batteries. This is one of the reasons why binders for LIB are much more important than those for other batteries. 

Kureha Corporation has developed nongraphitizable carbons (so-called hard carbon) prepared from the cross-linked petroleum pitch for almost 20 years as an anode of the lithium-ion battery (LIB). However, in these years graphite is more popularly used as an anode of LIB of small portable equipment, such as cellular phones, digital cameras, and portable personal computers, because high-energy density is much more important in this type of application than long-life durability is. Hard carbon has been used only in the field of professional camcorders, satellites, and electric bikes because it seemed to be difficult to change a new battery at the end of its life. 

The basic concept of the currently popular lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) was developed in 1985 by Yoshino et al. from Asahi Kasei Corporation [4-6]. LIBs were first marketed by Sony Corporation in 1991, after which Sanyo Electric Company s batteries with graphite anodes were marketed in 1994 [7]. The capacity of LIBs around 1997 was more than 1.5-fold that when they were launched, and firam the point of view of battery design, increasing the capacity further was considered difficult. 

CNE AND ACNE APPLICATION IN THIN AND FLEXIBLE LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES (LIBS)... 

Lithium-ion batteries ( LIBs ) are the key cost drivers in hybrid, plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles. Significant improvements in the last few years with respect to performance, safety and lifecycle now make it possible to produce these technologies at a reasonable cost. As a result, the automotive industry has become a major potential customer for the LIB industry. At the same time, the door has been opened for new players to enter the market. 

Anodic etching (AE) 2 Coulombic efficiency 5 Electrospraying (ES) 2 Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) 1 Magnesiothermic reduction 2 Metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) 2, 4 Solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer 5... 

Defined narrowly, the lithium-ion battery (LIB) is a secondary battery using nonaqueous electrolyte with carbonaceous material as a negative electrode and a metal oxide compound containing hthium (usually LiCo02) as a positive electrode [1]. The LlB s electrochemical system is shown in Fig. 1. 

Worldwide and extensive investment in the carbon lithium-ion battery (LIB) has resulted in a plethora of publications to make this application an intensely studied form of carbon. It is also unique in the sense that the range of carbon structures studied for their suitability in lithium-ion batteries stretches from the most ordered of graphites (highly ordered pyrolytic graphites (HOPG)) to isotropic carbons of high surface area with a minimum of stmctural order. Such studies are relevant here because this complete range of carbons can be used to illustrate clearly the various porosities which exist within carbons as well as mechanisms of activation of carbons. 

High power batteries have been widely studied as an energy source for eco-friendly transportation systems including hybrid electric vehicles, electric motors, ships, and aircraft that can be operated with little or no oil consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, as compared to conventional systems with an internal combustion engine [1-3], The lithium-ion battery (LIB) has been one of the most promising substitutes for the nickel metal hydride battery used in most of the hybrid eleetrie vehieles (HEVs) commercially available today [4],... 

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