Liquids insoluble, miscible

Many hundred CST could be added for pairs of liquids marked miscible or oo in handbooks. These could be listed with CST <20, etc. Likewise many more given as insoluble or slightly soluble could be listed as CST >20. The data of (15, 17,106, 121, 211, 372) and some of those of (85, 296, 340, 341) are of this type and are referred to only in groups. The table thus furnishes an index for these compilations. 

Of the commercially-available phenylene diamines tested, the N,N -diphenyl compound is an insoluble, high melting-point, crystalline solid, whereas the unsymmetrically substituted N-phenyl-N -(2-octyl) derivative is a liquid, readily miscible... 

Properties Yellow liquid. Insoluble in water miscible with organic solvents. 

PEI has typical polyelectrolyte properties it is a highly viscous hygroscopic liquid, completely miscible with water and lower alcohols, insoluble in benzene, and reactive toward cellulose. PEI is mainly used as a size, flocculating agent, or protective colloid, notably in the paper and textile industries, because of its ability to bind to cellulosic fibers. 

Ethyl acrylate n. CH2=CHCOOC2H5. A colorless liquid, insoluble in water miscible with most organic solvents. Used in the manufacture of synthetic resins. Sp gr, 0.9283 bp, lOUC. 

C HjCla, PhCCla. Colourless liquid, b.p. 2I3-214" C. Insoluble in water, miscible with organic solvents. 

If the substance is found to be far too soluble in one solvent and much too insoluble in another solvent to allow of satisfactory recrystallisation, mixed solvents or solvent pairs may frequently be used with excellent results. The two solvents must, of course, be completely miscible. Recrystallisation from mixed solvents is carried out near the boiling point of the solvent. The compound is dissolved in the solvent in which it is very soluble, and the hot solvent, in which the substance is only sparingly soluble, is added cautiously until a slight turbidity is produced. The turbidity is then just cleared by the addition of a small quantity of the first solvent and the mixture is allowed to cool to room temperature crystals will separate. Pairs of liquids which may be used include alcohol and water alcohol and benzene benzene and petroleum ether acetone and petroleum ether glacial acetic acid and water. 

Leaching is the removal of a soluble fraction, in the form of a solution, from an insoluble, permeable sohd phase with which it is associated. The separation usually involves selective dissolution, with or without diffusion, but in the extreme case of simple washing it consists merely of the displacement (with some mixing) of one interstitial liquid by another with which it is miscible. The soluble constituent may be solid or liquid and it may be incorporated within, chemically combined with, adsorbed upon, or held mechanically in the pore structure of the insoluble material. The insoluble sohd may be massive and porous more often it is particulate, and the particles may be openly porous, cellular with selectively permeable cell walls, or surface-activated. 

Solubility — the amount of a given substance (the solute) that dissolves in a unit volume of a liquid (the solvent). This property is of importance in the handling and recovery of spilled hazardous materials. Water-insoluble ehemicals are much easier to reeover from water than spills of water-soluble chemicals. Acetone, which is miscible/soluble in water in all proportions, is not readily reeoverable from water. In contrast, benzene, which is lighter than water and insoluble as well, can be readily trapped with a skimmer. For organie eompounds, solubility tends to deerease with inereasing moleeular weight and ehlorine content. 

Aromatic steroids are virtually insoluble in liquid ammonia and a cosolvent must be added to solubilize them or reduction will not occur. Ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, dioxane and tetrahydrofuran have been used and, of these, tetrahydrofuran is the preferred solvent. Although dioxane is often a better solvent for steroids at room temperature, it freezes at 12° and its solvent effectiveness in ammonia is diminished. Tetrahydrofuran is infinitely miscible with liquid ammonia, but the addition of lithium to a 1 1 mixture causes the separation of two liquid phases, one blue and one colorless, together with the separation of a lithium-ammonia bronze phase. Thus tetrahydrofuran and lithium depress the solubilities of each other in ammonia. A tetrahydrofuran-ammonia mixture containing much over 50 % of tetrahydrofuran does not become blue when lithium is added. In general, a 1 1 ratio of ammonia to organic solvents represents a reasonable compromise between maximum solubility of steroid and dissolution of the metal with ionization. 

Properties.—A viscid, colourless liquid, with a sweet taste m.p. 17°, b. p. 290°. It boils, under ordinary pressure. with partial decomposition forming acrolein sp gr. radp at 12° miscible with w ater and alcohol Insoluble in ether and the hydrocarbons. 

Some solids are either too soluble, or the solubility does not vary sufficiently with temperature, in a given solvent for direct crystallisation to be practicable. In many cases, the solid can be precipitated from, say, a concentrated aqueous solution by the addition of a liquid, miscible with water, in which it is less soluble. Ethanol, in which many inorganic compounds are almost insoluble, is generally used. Care must be taken that the amount of ethanol or other solvent added is not so large that the impurities are also precipitated. Potassium hydrogencarbonate and antimony potassium tartrate may be purified by this method. 

Supersaturation can also be achieved by adding a liquid that is miscible with the solvent and decreases the solubility of the solute in the mixed solvent. This is called precipitation. In fine chemicals manufacture, the solid is usually dissolved in an organic solvent and water is used as the desalting agent. Precipitation also occurs when a solid product, which is insoluble in the reaction mixture, is formed by chemical reaction. For instance, a phenolic product can be purified by three possible routes ... 

Hydrogen cyanide (Table 15.1) is a colorless, flammable liquid or gas that boils at 25.7°C and freezes at minus 13.2°C. The gas rarely occurs in nature, is lighter than air, and diffuses rapidly. It is usually prepared commercially from ammonia and methane at elevated temperatures with a platinum catalyst. It is miscible with water and alcohol, but is only slightly soluble in ether. In water, HCN is a weak acid with the ratio of HCN to CN about 100 at pH 7.2, 10 at pH 8.2, and 1 at pH 9.2. HCN can dissociate into H+ and CN. Cyanide ion, or free cyanide ion, refers to the anion CN derived from hydrocyanic acid in solution, in equilibrium with simple or complexed cyanide molecules. Cyanide ions resemble halide ions in several ways and are sometimes referred to as pseudohalide ions. For example, silver cyanide is almost insoluble in water, as are silver halides. Cyanide ions also form stable complexes with many metals. 

On the Theory of Steam Distillation.—The ideal case occurs when the substance to be distilled is insoluble, or, more accurately, sparingly soluble in water (examples toluene, bromobenzene, nitrobenzene) so that the vapour pressures of water and the substance do not affect each other, or hardly so. The case of substances which are miscible with water (alcohol, acetic acid) is quite different and involves the more complicated theory of fractional distillation. Let us consider the first case only and take as our example bromobenzene, which boils at 155°. If we warm this liquid with water, its vapour pressure will rise in the manner shown by its own vapour pressure curve and independently of that of water. Ebullition will begin when the sum of the vapour pressures of the two substances has become equal to the prevailing atmospheric pressure. This is the case, as we can find from the vapour pressure curves, at 95-25° under a pressure of 760 mm. 

The diagrams of Fig. 2.16 maybe considered examples of systems showing not only small (or very small) solubility in the solid state, but also a degree of insolubility in the liquid state (existence of miscibility gaps in the liquid state). 

A simple example of a real ternary diagram is shown in Fig. 2.26, where the isothermal section, determined at 200°C, of the Al-Bi-Sb system is shown together with the relevant binary diagrams Al-Bi showing a miscibility gap in the liquid state and complete insolubility in the solid state, Bi-Sb with complete mutual... 

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