Light ends conversion

To obtain light ends conversion, alkylation and polymerization are used to increase the relative amounts of liquid fuel products manufactured. Alkylation converts olefins, (propylene, butylenes, amylenes, etc.), into high octane gasoline by reacting them with isobutane. Polymerization involves reaction of propylene and/or butylenes to produce an unsamrated hydrocarbon mixture in the motor gasoline boiling range. 

These processes are aH characterized by low isobutane conversion to achieve high isobutylene selectivity. The catalytic processes operate at conversions of 45—55% for isobutane. The Coastal process also operates at 45—55% isobutane conversion to minimize the production of light ends. This results in significant raw material recycle rates and imposing product separation sections. 

Light Ends Recovery, Fractionation, and Conversion Propylenes and butylenes may be recovered for feed to a polymerization plant for production of high octane... 

CGP-2 pilot scale samples (steamed at 800°C for 12 hr) in a MAT unit with VGO feedstock. Compared with CGP-1, the CGP-2 samples with Lewis acid-base pairs conld decrease the snlfnr content in gasoline by more than 50%. The olehn content of gasoline changed little. Furthermore, the heavy oil conversion ability of CGP-2 samples was enhanced, which is in accordance with the increase of acidity, and the light ends yield of CGP-2(A) and CGP-2(B) were increased by 1.0% and 1.9%, respectively. 

Conversion factor the percentage of feedstock converted to light ends, gasoline, other liquid fuels, and coke. 

The most important peculiarity of some purple nonsulfur bacteria is that elemental sulfur is deposited extracellularly and does not damage the cell when accumulated in great excess. In this case elemental sulfur is the end product. It is a neutral (in contrast to sulfuric acid produced by purple sulfur bacteria or by green sulfur bacteria) and non-toxic product for bacteria up to high concentration. Thus, this approach to combine light energy conversion into H2 with simultaneous waste (or oil) gases treatment is very attractive but poorly explored. 

Cyclododecanol is dehydrogenated to cydododecanone around 200°C, in the liquid phase, in the presence of a catalyst consisting of copper on alumina. For a 75 per cent conversion, cydododecanol selectivity is 98 molar per cent The reactor effluent is first rid of the hydrogen formed by flash and fractionated in two successive light-ends and heavy-ends separation columns (7 kPa absolute, 25 to 30 trays each). 

Description A heated mixture of ethanol vapor and steam is fed to an adiabatic dehydration reactor (1). The steam provides heat for the endothermic reaction and pushes the reaction to 99-"% conversion of ethanol with 99-"% selectivity to ethylene. Recovered H O is stripped of light ends (2) and recycled as process steam. Product ethylene is compressed and put through a water wash (3) before passing to the ethylene oxide reactor section. 

The first stage product is then combined with a recycle stream and led to the second-stage converter. The inlet temperature is about 345°C (650°F) and the outlet approximately 400°C (750°F). The second-stage converter, filled with catalyst, produces gasoline constituents. The raw product is fractionated, the light ends alkylated, the naphtha recovered from the conversion steps is hydrotreated, and the products blended to produce a gasoline with a 92 research octane-clear (RON) rating. 

Understand Process Characteristics H2, H2S, and NH3 and light ends are removed from reaction effluents through a series of separation and flashes, resulting in the reaction products in a liquid form, which goes to the stripper, the feed heater, and then to the main product fractionator. The task of the product fractionation is to separate different products based on their product specihcations such as distillation endpoint, ASTM D-86 T90% or T95% point, and so on. Side draws from the column go to the product strippers where kerosene and diesel products are made. The net draw from the column bottom is called unconverted oil (UCO), which is recycled back to the reaction section for nearly complete conversion. There are two pump-arounds, namely, kerosene and diesel pumparounds, as a main feature of heat recovery from the main fractionation column. 

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