Lipoproteins side effects

The effect of a statin is usually determined by measuring fasting plasma lipids and lipoproteins after 4-6 weeks of treatment. Liver enzymes and eventually creatine kinase (in case of myositis liver enzymes are usually also elevated) are measured simultaneously to exclude side effects related to liver and muscles. After the treatment goal has been reached, blood sampling is usually performed 1-2 times a year. 

Systemic treatment of 13-cis retinoic acid frequently leads to cheilitis and eye irritations (e.g., unspecific cornea inflammation). Also other symptoms such as headache, pruritus, alopecia, pains of joints and bone, and exostosis formation have been reported. Notably, an increase of very low density lipoproteins and triglycerides accompanied by a decrease of the high density lipoproteins has been reported in 10-20% of treated patients. Transiently, liver function markers can increase during oral retinoid therapy. Etretinate causes the side effects of 13-cis retinoid acid at lower doses. In addition to this, generalized edema and centrilobulary toxic liver cell necrosis have been observed. 

As indicated in Table 1, statins, which block cholesterol biosynthesis by inhibition of hepatic HMGCoA reductase, have been used extensively to reduce LDL-C levels. At most therapeutic doses, statins marginally increase HDL levels by 5-10% [3,16]. The HDL elevation observed with statins has been highly variable and not easily extrapolated from the effects on LDL. A recent study (STELLAR) demonstrated increased HDL elevation with the use of rosuvastatin compared to simvastatin, pravastatin or atorvastatin (10% vs. 2-6%) [16,24], Although the mechanism of HDL elevation by statins is not clearly understood, it is proposed that statins enhance hepatic apoA-I synthesis [25] and decrease apoB-containing lipoproteins [26]. A number of clinical trials have demonstrated that statins reduce the risk of major coronary events. However, it is not clear if the statin-induced rise in HDL levels is an independent contributor to the reduced risk of coronary events. The observed small increase in HDL and adverse side effect profile related to liver function abnormalities and muscle toxicity limits the use of statins as monotherapy for HDL elevation [27],... 

The results of the chronic administration study indicate that LC-AmB does not induce any new toxicity and that its side effects are the same as those produced by the conventional formulation (Fungizone) and a commercial lipid formulation (Abelcet) but that they appear at higher doses. This difference is probably due to both the stability of the formulation, preventing rapid release of AmB as aggregates or transfer to lipoproteins, and its size difference with Abelcet, which could lead to less rapid uptake by phagocytic cells. These encouraging results with respect to toxicity prompted us to test the efficacy of the formulation. For this, we chose to look at in vitro and in vivo models of Leishmaniasis, as well as the immuno-modulating properties of AmB. 

The most frequent side effects when using j3-adrenoblockers are feelings of fatigue, coldness in the extremities, and also an increase in the level of triglycerides and lipoproteins in the blood. 

Liver toxicity is a rare side effect of CBZ therapy (Trimble, 1990), although a recent study reported that 9% of children on CBZ had mildly elevated aspartate aminotransferase (Camfield and Camfield, 1985). Higher mean serum total cholesterol (TC) levels, mean low-density lipoprotein level, and mean TC/high-density lipoprotein ratio have been reported in children with epilepsy treated with CBZ, compared with controls (Sozuer et ah, 1997). Conversely, an increase in serum high-density lipoproteins was reported in a smaller sample of patients treated with CBZ, and was therefore interpreted as a possible protective factor against atherosclerosis (Yalcin et ah, 1997). 

Steroids that aid in muscle development are called anabolic steroids. They are synthetic derivatives of testosterone, thus have the same muscle-building effect as testosterone. There are more than 100 different anabolic steroids which, vary in structure, duration of action, relative effects and toxicities. Androstenedione, stanozolol and dianabol are anabolic steroids. They are used to treat people suffering from traumas accompanied by muscle deterioration. The use of anabolic steroid can lead to a number of dangerous side-effects, including lowered levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, which benefits the heart, and elevated levels of harmful low density lipoprotein, stimulation of prostate tumours, clotting disorders and liver problems. 

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are the most common therapeutic medication used in patients with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Significant side effects associated with statins are infrequent. Myalgia and arthralgia are common (1-7%) but frank rhabdomyolysis is... 

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