Hepatic enhancement

Han JK et al (2000) Eactors influencing vascular and hepatic enhancement at CT experimental study on injection protocol using a canine model. 1 Comput Assist Tomogr 24(3) 400-406. 

Awai K, Takada K, Onishi H, Hori S (2002) Aortic and hepatic enhancement and tumor-to-liver contrast analysis of the effect of different concentrations of contrast material at multi-detector row helical CT. Radiology 224 757-763... 

Heiken JP, Brink JA, McClennan BL, Sagel SS, Crowe TM, Gaines MV (1995) Dynamic incremental CT effect of vol-irnie and concentration of contrast material and patient weight on hepatic enhancement. Radiology 195 353-357... 

Antidiabetic Drugs other than Insulin. Figure 3 The antihyperglycaemic effect of metformin involves enhanced insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production and muscle glucose uptake. Metformin also exerts non-insulin-dependent effects on these tissues, including reduced fatty acid oxidation and increased anaerobic glucose metabolism by the intestine. FA, fatty acid f, increase i decrease. 

TLR-9 has also been used to target asthma with several compounds in preclinical trials such as second generation CpG-ODNs and HYB2093. 1018 ISS has also been tested in asthma. Defence against infectious disease is also enhanced through TLR-9. CpGIOlOl was in phase II trails as a Hepatitis C target but has been discontinued. 

Balb c mice and Wistar rats were used in the experiments. The administration of single doses of 1, 2 and 2 caused mainly necrotic changes in the liver, measured by GPT and histopathology. The extent of necrosis depended on doses and on time of observation (1-4 days after injections). In shorter time interval (2-4 hrs) 1, 2 and 2 caused depletion of hepatic GSH (even up to 10 % of control). 4 and 5 did not generate necrotic changes. Increased GPT activity was observed after 3 doses of fi. Single doses of 4, 5 and fi mostly increased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA-indicator of lipid peroxidation) in the liver. Repeated injections (3-7) of the investigated compounds enhanced the activity of ALA-D or ALA-S in the liver and caused steatosis. 

Carroll KM, Ball SA, Nich C, et al Targeting behavioral therapies to enhance naltrexone treatment of opioid dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38 755-761, 2001 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Recommendation for prevention and control of hepatitis (virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. MMWR Recommendations and Reports 47(RR19) l-39, 1998 Charney DS, Steinberg DE, Kleber HD, et al The clinical use of clonidine in abrupt withdrawal from methadone. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38 1273-1277, 1981 Charney D S, Heninger OR, Kleber H D The combined use of clonidine and naltrexone as a rapid, safe, and effective treatment of abrupt withdrawal from methadone. Am J Psychiatry 143 831-837, 1986... 

Compounds that affect activities of hepatic microsomal enzymes can antagonize the effects of methyl parathion, presumably by decreasing metabolism of methyl parathion to methyl paraoxon or enhancing degradation to relatively nontoxic metabolites. For example, pretreatment with phenobarbital protected rats from methyl parathion s cholinergic effects (Murphy 1980) and reduced inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the rat brain (Tvede et al. 1989). Phenobarbital pretreatment prevented lethality from methyl parathion in mice compared to saline-pretreated controls (Sultatos 1987). Pretreatment of rats with two other pesticides, chlordecone or mirex, also reduced inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase activity in rats dosed with methyl parathion (2.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally), while pretreatment with the herbicide linuron decreased acetylcholine brain levels below those found with methyl parathion treatment alone (Tvede et al. 1989). 

Delaney WE, Yang H, Westland CE, Das K, Arnold E, Gibbs CS, MUler MD, Xiong S (2003) The hepatitis B virus polymerase mutahon rtV 173L is selected during lamivudine therapy and enhances viral repUcation in vitro, J Virol 77 11833-11841... 

Warner N, Locamini S, Kuiper M, Bartholomeusz A, Ayres A, Yuen L, Shaw T (2007) The L80I substitution in the reverse transcriptase domain of the hepatitis B virus polymerase is associated with lamivudine resistance and enhanced viral replication in vitro, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51 2285-2292... 

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