Lipopolysaccharides neutralization

Czaja MJ, Xu J, Ju Y, Alt E, Schmiedeberg P (1994) Lipopolysaccharide-neutralizing antibody reduces hepatocyte injury from acute hepatotoxin administration. Hepatology 19 1282-1289... 

Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) bacterial, 25 498 Lipophilic amphiphiles, 24 154-155 Lipophilic interaction dominated substrate recognition, 16 783-786 Lipophilic moieties, 8 706t Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), 4 706 11 47 BPI protein ability to neutralize, 18 257 peptide and protein binding affinity to, 18 256... 

Endotoxin, via cytokines, could induce marked changes in lipid metabolism [118], and HDL has been found to neutralize lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) activity in vitro and, in animals, in vivo [116, 119, 120],... 

Gutsmann, T., Mueller, M., Carroll, S.F., MacKenzie, R.C., Wiese, A., Seydel, U. Dual role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein in neutralization of LPS and enhancement of LPS-induced activation of mononuclear cells. Infect Immun 69 (2001b) 6942-6950. 

Warren, H.S., Amato, S.F., Fitting, C., Black, K.M., Loiselle, P.M., Pasternack, M.S., CavaiUon, J.M. Assessment of ability of murine and human anti-lipid A monoclonal antibodies to bind and neutralize lipopolysaccharide. J Exp Med 177 (1993) 89-97. 

Muller-Loennies, S., Brade, L., Brade, H. Neutralizing and cross-reactive antibodies against enterobacterial lipopolysaccharide. Int J Med Microbiol 297 (2007) 321-340. 

A very commonly used disinfectant is ethanol-water in neutral or, preferably, in acidic conditions. Aqueous ethanol displays its best germicidal efficiency at a concentration of 60 to 70%. However, the most commonly used concentration in industry is about 20%, because higher concentrations require specific explosion-proof facilities. At 20%, ethanol has no sporicidal effect, its effect on viral inactivation is only partial and it does not destroy pyrogens (it only tends to destabilize large molecular aggregates of lipopolysaccharide molecules). For these reasons, 20% ethanol can only be considered as a bacteriostatic agent. Mixtures of ethanol with bases or acids are somewhat more sporicidal, but are not sufficient to provide sterilization at short incubation times and low temperatures. 

Studies of cell walls solubilised with combinations of EDTA, lysozyme and Tris [16] showed that the phosphorus was not associated with phospholipid, as more of the latter was detected. Only free fatty acids and neutral fats were present in solubilised wall and the phosphorus was thought to be associated with the lipopolysaccharide. However, cations were prevalent in materials examined and these findings contrast with those of Gordon and MacLeod [42] and Bobo and Eagon [13] who found cations associated with the phospholipids. 

The polymyxins are cationic, basic, and amphipathic poljtpeptides that interact with lipopolysaccharides in the outer membrane of bacilli. They potently neutralize endotoxin, reduce blood endotoxin concentrations in patients with septic shock during direct hemoperfusion over immobilized poljmyxin B fibers, and are bactericidal for many Gram-negative rods, even in resting bacteria. Alteration of the cell wall is also thought to be the mechanism of damage to renal epithelia and to the nervous system. 

As reviewed by Rietschel Cavaillon (1-3), the term endotoxin was coined by Richard Pfeiffer, a student of Robert Koch. Pfeiffer first identified endotoxin as an agent responsible for fever and shock in animals that were injected with heat-killed preparations of Vibrio cholerae, or organisms that had been neutralized with antibodies (4). Until the end of his career, he was unaware that the O-antigens of gramnegative bacteria were covalently attached to the substance he had called endotoxin. It fell to Boivin, Staub, Luderitz, and others to demonstrate the lipopolysaccharide nature of endotoxin, to show that it was the principal glycolipid component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, and ultimately, to solve its chemical structure (5-8). 

AVS Acid-volatile sulphides Pyr. S pyrite sulphide OC organic carbon Reactive Fe reactive iron B/D Bligh/Dyer extraction Resid. IPS residual lipopolysaccharide fatty acids TL total lipid NL neutral lipid SACC silicic acid column chromatography GL glycolipid... 

Gram-negative bacteria contain large proportions of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in their cell walls. In most cases, the innermost portion consists of a lipid (called lipid A) to which an acidic polysaccharide (core polysaccharide) is linked. The latter further carries a neutral... 

The absence of amino-sugars from the lipopolysaccharide (mol. wt. 8.5 x lO" ) isolated from Acholeplasma oculi has been reported.Neutral sugars (L-fucose, D-galactose, D-glucose, 1 12 3) were detected but the lipopolysaccharide elicited no antibody response in rabbits. 

Lipopolysaccharides carrying identical O antigens have been extracted from Bacteroides fragilis, B. melaninogenicus, and B. oralis with aqueous phenol or aqueous H edta or trichloroacetic acid. Differences in the proportions of neutral sugars in the extracted materials indicated that other carbohydrate-containing polymers might also be extracted with these solvents. 

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