Lipid gender differences

Body iron level and iron depletion play an important role in the gender differences seen in death from cardiac disease. There is a better correlation with heart disease mortality in iron levels compared with levels of cholesterol (5). It was found that risk of coronary heart disease (6) and carotid atherosclerosis (7) is associated with increased iron stores. However, impaired endothelium-derived nitric oxide activity may be without overt atherosclerosis in patients with risk factors and may be associated with the presence of atherosclerosis (4). Thus, endothelial dysfunction related to iron activity not only may be an early marker for cardiovascular risk but also may contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (2) by the stimulation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and membrane lipid peroxidation (I) and may be a key to the understanding of early mechanism in the development of atheroma (7,8). Nakayama et al. (9) showed the role of heme oxygenase induction in the modulation of macrophage activation in atherosclerosis. However, Howes et al. (10) concludes that at the moment, the available evidence on iron hypothesis remains circumstantial. Moreover, Kiechl et al. (7) showed that the adverse effect of iron is hypercholesterolemia, In patients... 

In order to investigate the effect of CLA supplementation on human body fat, serum leptin, and serum hpids, as well as the incorporation of CLA isomers into serum lipid classes more thoroughly, Petridou et al. (15) conducted a second study. They used a higher dose and longer supplementation compared to the previous study (14), and watched interindividual and gender differences more closely. Sixteen young healthy non-obese sedentary women received 2.1 g of CLA (equally divided into the t9,rl 1- and rlO,cl2-CLA isomers) daily for 45 d and placebo for 45 d in a randomized... 

Cuticular hydrocarbons are part of the lipid layer of the insect cuticle that protects from desiccation (Lockey, 1988) and are thus present in basically every social insect (see Chapter 6). Insects have the sensory apparatus to detect these profiles. So it is not surprising that they utilize variations in hydrocarbon profiles between individuals within and between species to detect various properties in other individuals, such as species identity, gender, colony membership (Howard and Blomquist, 1982, 2005 and various chapters in Part II of this book). In this chapter I will review the evidence indicating that hydrocarbon profiles are also used in colonies of ants, bees, and wasps for the regulation of reproduction. I will especially focus on patterns of variation in hydrocarbon profiles on the cuticle and the eggs in relation to fertility differences, which has not been done in such detail in previous reviews (Heinze, 2004 Monnin, 2006 Hefetz, 2007 Le Conte and Hefetz, 2008 Peeters and Liebig, 2009). 

F. 1 Constitutive expression of CNS cytokines. RNA from brains of male and female BALB/c mouse pups at 21 days of age was quantified by real-time RT-PCR. Whole-brain RNA was isolated using the Qiagen lipid Tissue Midi RNA isolation kit. Brains were pooled by gender within each litter. Cytokine mRNA quantity was normalized to endogenous control GAPDH. Each bar represents mean S.D. for /V of 3 L. All of the cytokine levels significantly (p < 0.05) differed from each other except the following IL-6 TNF , lL-13 lFNy, and TNF lFNy LT-P from IL-5, IL-6, IL-11, IL-13, TNFa, and IFNy... 

Rappley I, Myers DS, Milne SB, et al. Lipidomic profiling in mouse brain reveals differences between ages and genders, with smaller changes associated with alpha-synuclein genotype. /Neumchem. 2009 lll(l) 15-25. Fantini J, Garmy N, Mahfoud RS, Yahi N. Lipid rafts structure, function and role in HIV, Alzheimer s and prion diseases. Exp Rev Mol Med. 2002 4(27) l-22. 

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