Oil Linseed

Sesame oil (Table 1.18) is a minor oil with interesting properties (see Chapter 11). Production at a little below 0.8 million tonnes is mainly in China, India and Myanmar (Burma). Consumption is largely confined to these same countries. 

This ancient process is probably the oldest one processing chemically-bonded sands. It is very easy to use, does not need sophisticated patterns and has a good resistance to veining and cracking. It is still in widespread use for specialised small cores. 

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The aromatic extracts have been used in the paint industry to partially replace linseed oil. They are still used for producing printer s ink. In addition, they are finding a variety of applications as plasticizers in the rubber industry or for the manufacture of plastics such as PVC. 

Red lead is a useful ingredient of anti-rusting paints, in which it is mixed with linseed oil. If glycerol is added to this mixture, a cement suitable for luting (i.e. making airtight or watertight) joints in iron pipes or vessels is obtained. 

Quinoline Dinitrogen tetroxide, linseed oil, maleic anhydride, thionyl chloride... 

Thionyl chloride Ammonia, dimethylsulfoxide, linseed oil, quinoline, sodium... 

Linseed alkyd Linseed fatty acids Linseed oil... 

Chemical bleaching is never used on oils intended for edible use because it oxidizes unsaturated fatty acids to cause off-flavors. However, it does find wide usage for specialty linseed oil, for the paint industry, and fatty chemicals such as sorbitan esters of fatty acids and sodium stearoyl lactylate. Residual peroxide is destroyed by heating above its decomposition temperature. 

The flax fiber from the aimual plant IJnum usitatissimum (flax family, Liuaceae) has been used siuce ancient times as the fiber for linen. The plant grows iu temperate, moderately moist climates, for example, iu Belgium, France, Ireland, Italy, and Russia. The plant is also cultivated for its seed, from which linseed oil is produced. A by-product of the seed plant is the tow fiber used iu papermakiug. 

Articles of circular cross section may be made in iron paste molds. To keep the inner surface of the paste mold moist, it is coated with shellac or varnish and a mixture of charcoal and linseed oil is baked on. Hot iron molds ate used for ware of any shape, particularly for screw threading, multiple decoration, or raised lettering. 

Epo>y Compounds. Epoxidized soya oil (ESO) is the most widely used epoxy-type additive and is found ia most mixed metal stabilized PVC formulations at 1.0—3.0 phr due to its versatiHty and cost effectiveness. Other usefiil epoxy compounds are epoxidized glycerol monooleate, epoxidized linseed oil, and alkyl esters of epoxidized tall oil fatty acid. 

Fillers. Micronized carbonate whiting is the preferred mineral fill for putty and caulking compounds based on linseed oil or plastic, and vinyl-based floor coverings. It comprises 20—60% of the raw material mix (see Fillers). 

Oil Absorption. The Gardner mb-out (ASTM D281) method is used for this evaluation. A 5-g sample of mica is placed on a smooth glass plate, and linseed oil is added by drops. The mica is constantiy mixed while the oil is being added. The end point is reached when the mica becomes saturated with oil. The amount of oil per 45.4 kg of mica is calculated as follows ... 

Table 2. Exterior Alkyd-Linseed Oil Flat Solvent-Based House Paint ...

Other Reactants. Other reactants are used in smaller amounts to provide phenoHc resins that have specific properties, especially coatings appHcations. Aniline had been incorporated into both resoles and novolaks but this practice has been generally discontinued because of the toxicity of aromatic amines. Other materials include rosin (abietic acid), dicyclopentadiene, unsaturated oils such as tung oil and linseed oil, and polyvalent cations for cross-linking. 

Air oxidation of dyestuff waste streams has been accompHshed using cobalt phthalocyanine sulfonate catalysts (176). Aluminum has been colored with copper phthalocyanine sulfonate (177,178). Iron phthalocyanine can be used as a drier in wood oil and linseed oil paints (179). 

Other materials that are often referred to as secondary plasticizers iaclude materials such as epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) and epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) and similar materials. These can act as lubricants but also as secondary stabilizers to PVC due to thein epoxy content which can remove HCl from the degrading polymer. 

Chemical modification of the wax can improve smear resistance (5). Sihcones, which do not harm furniture finishes (6), are incorporated as film-forming ingredients in furniture pohshes. The lubricant properties of sihcones improve ease of apphcation of the pohsh and removal of insoluble soil particles. In addition, sihcones make dry films easier to buff and more water-repeUent, and provide depth of gloss, ie, abihty to reflect a coherent image as a result of a high refractive index (7). Wax-free pohshes, which have sihcones as the only film former, can be formulated to dehver smear resistance (8). Another type of film former commonly used in oil-base furniture pohshes is a mineral or vegetable oil, eg, linseed oil. 

A number of processes have been devised for purifying thionyl chloride. A recommended laboratory method involves distillation from quinoline and boiled linseed oil. Commercial processes involve adding various high boiling olefins such as styrene (qv) to react with the sulfur chlorides to form adducts that remain in the distillation residue when the thionyl chloride is redistilled (179). Alternatively, sulfur can be fed into the top of the distillation column to react with the sulfur dichloride (180). Commercial thionyl chloride has a purity of 98—99.6% minimum, having sulfur dioxide, sulfur chlorides, and sulfuryl chloride as possible impurities. These can be determined by gas chromatography (181). 

Titanates react with ester groups ki paint vehicles, eg, linseed oil, tuna oil, and alkyds, and with hydroxy groups, eg, ki caster oil and some alkyds, to prevent wrinkling of paint films (104,447). 

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