Linoleic acid effects

Jensen, M.M., Christensen, M.S., and Hoy, C.E., Intestinal absorption of octanoic, decanoic and linoleic acids effects of triacylglycerol structure, Ann. Nutr. Metab., 38, 104, 1995. 

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Effects in Experimental Atherosclerosis... 

Stangl, G.I., Muller H., and Kirchgessner, M. (1999) Conjugated Linoleic Acid Effects on Circulating Hormones, MetaboUtes and Lipoproteins, and Its Proportion in Fasting Serum and Erythrocyte Membranes of Swine, Eur. J. Nutr. 38,271-277. 

Gulati, S.K., McGrath, S., Wynn, P.C., and Scott, T.W. (2001) Rumen Protected Conjugated Linoleic Acids Effects on MiUc Composition in Dairy Cows, Proc. Nutr. Soc. Aust. 25, S85 (Abstr.). 

A USDA report indicates that between 1967 and 1988, butter consumption remained stable at 2 kg per capita, margarine dropped from 5.1 to 4.7 kg, and measured total fat intake per day dropped from 84.6 to 73.3 g (14). This study also projects that the reduced consumption of tropical oils is only temporary and will return to former use levels, possibly even higher. One reason for this projected rise in tropical oil consumption is the knowledge of the beneficial effects of medium-chain length acids high in lauric oils. There is a keen interest in omega-3 fatty acids, as well as linoleic acid, contained in fish oils. 

Marcuse, R. (1962). The effect of some amino acids on the oxidation of linoleic acid and its methyl ester. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, Vol. 39, No.2 (February 1962) pp. 97-103, ISSN 0003-021X. 

Chilliard Y, Ferlay A and Doreau M (2001), Effects of different types of forages, animal fat or marine oils in cow s diet on milk fat secretion and composition, especially conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids , Livestock Production Science, 70, 31-48. 

Tricon S, Burdge G C, Kew S, Banerjee T, Russell J J, Jones E L, Grimble R F, Williams C M, Calder P C and Yaqoob P (2004), Effects of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on immune function in healthy humans , American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 80, 1626-1633. 

Lopez-Nicolas JM, Bru-Martinez R and Garcia-Carmona F. 2000. Effect of calcium on the oxidation of linoleic acid by potato (Solarium tuberosum var. Desiree) tuber 5-lipoxygenase. J Agric Food Chem 48(2) 292-296. 

Lopez-Nicolas JM, Perez-Gilabert M and Garcia-CarmonaF. 2001. Eggplant lipoxygenase (Solatium melon-gena) product characterization and effect of physicochemical properties of linoleic acid on the enzymatic activity. J Agric Food Chem 49(l) 433-438. 

Belkner et al. [32] demonstrated that 15-LOX oxidized preferably LDL cholesterol esters. Even in the presence of free linoleic acid, cholesteryl linoleate continued to be a major LOX substrate. It was also found that the depletion of LDL from a-tocopherol has not prevented the LDL oxidation. This is of a special interest in connection with the role of a-tocopherol in LDL oxidation. As the majority of cholesteryl esters is normally buried in the core of a lipoprotein particle and cannot be directly oxidized by LOX, it has been suggested that LDL oxidation might be initiated by a-tocopheryl radical formed during the oxidation of a-tocopherol [33,34]. Correspondingly, it was concluded that the oxidation of LDL by soybean and recombinant human 15-LOXs may occur by two pathways (a) LDL-free fatty acids are oxidized enzymatically with the formation of a-tocopheryl radical, and (b) the a-tocopheryl-mediated oxidation of cholesteryl esters occurs via a nonenzymatic way. Pro and con proofs related to the prooxidant role of a-tocopherol were considered in Chapter 25 in connection with the study of nonenzymatic lipid oxidation and in Chapter 29 dedicated to antioxidants. It should be stressed that comparison of the possible effects of a-tocopherol and nitric oxide on LDL oxidation does not support importance of a-tocopherol prooxidant activity. It should be mentioned that the above data describing the activity of cholesteryl esters in LDL oxidation are in contradiction with some earlier results. Thus in 1988, Sparrow et al. [35] suggested that the 15-LOX-catalyzed oxidation of LDL is accelerated in the presence of phospholipase A2, i.e., the hydrolysis of cholesterol esters is an important step in LDL oxidation. 

The effects of flavonoids on in vitro and in vivo lipid peroxidation have been thoroughly studied [123]. Torel et al. [124] found that the inhibitory effects of flavonoids on autoxidation of linoleic acid increased in the order fustin < catechin < quercetin < rutin = luteolin < kaempferol < morin. Robak and Gryglewski [109] determined /50 values for the inhibition of ascorbate-stimulated lipid peroxidation of boiled rat liver microsomes. All the flavonoids studied were very effective inhibitors of lipid peroxidation in model system, with I50 values changing from 1.4 pmol l-1 for myricetin to 71.9 pmol I 1 for rutin. However, as seen below, these /50 values differed significantly from those determined in other in vitro systems. Terao et al. [125] described the protective effect of epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, and quercetin on lipid peroxidation of phospholipid bilayers. 

Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially the n-3 series that are found in marine fish oils, modulate a variety of normal and disease processes, and consequently affect human health. PUFAs are classified based on the position of double bonds in their lipid structure and include the n-3 and n-6 series. Dietary n-3 PUFAs include a-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) whereas the most common n-6 PUFAs are linoleic acid, y-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid (AA). AA is the primary precursor of eicosanoids, which includes the prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. Collectively, these AA-derived mediators can exert profound effects on immune and inflammatory processes. Mammals can neither synthesize n-3 and n-6 PUFAs nor convert one variety to the other as they do not possess the appropriate enzymes. PUFAs are required for membrane formation and function... 

Protective Effects of Linoleic acid on toxicity Caused by Acrylamide in Rats... 

A series of substituted diaryselenides were examined in three lipid peroxidation model systems isolated rat liver microsomes treated with Fe(II)/(ADP)/ascorbate and isolated rat hepatocytes treated with two different initiators of oxidation. In rat hepatocytes, all of the tellurides performed more effectively than the selenides. Particularly for the rat liver microsome system, the substituent effects on lipid peroxidation were consistent with what would be expected Electron-donating groups give more active compounds, while electron-withdrawing groups give poorer antioxidants. The same trends were seen for substituted diaryItellurides in inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation in a two-phase model, where the dimethylamino... 

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