Linnaeus

The name Theobroma cacao, food of the gods, indicating both the legendary origin and the nourishing quaUties of chocolate, was bestowed upon the cacao tree by Linnaeus in 1720. All cocoa and chocolate products are derived from the cocoa bean, the seed of the fmit of this tree. Davila Garibi, a contemporary Mexican scholar, has traced the derivation of the word from basic root words of the Mayan language to its adoption as chocolate in Spanish ( ) ... 

Jean-Baptiste Rome de I lsle (1736-1790) and Rene Haiiy (1743-1822), while they, as remarked, credited Linnaeus with the creation of quantitative crystallography, themselves really deserve this accolade. Rome de I lsle was essentially a chemist and much concerned with the genesis of different sorts of crystal, but his real claim to fame is that he first clearly established the principle that the interfacial... 

Boufford, D. E. and Spongberg, S. A. 1983. Eastern Asian-eastern North American phytogeo-graphical realtionships— A history from the time of Linnaeus to the twentieth century. Ann. Missouri Bot. Card. 70 423 39. 

Elderberries provide food for birds, bears, chipmunks, elk, moose, deer, foxes, rabbits, squirrels and woodchucks. Linnaeus said the berries were not good food for chickens and turkeys and might even be toxic to them. The fact that many wild animals relish the elderberries helps to proliferate this wonderful shrub, as the elder seeds are fertilized by animal droppings. 

The leaves are consumed by cows and sheep and even help to remedy the foot fungi they may suffer from. The leaves have also been made into an ointment for treating the skin of animals. Linnaeus said that the leaves were fatal to peacocks and turkeys and should not be consumed by horses and goats. 

Inbaraj, B. S., H. Lu et al. (2008). Determination of carotenoids and their esters in fruits of Lycium barbarum Linnaeus by HPLC-DAD-APCI-MS. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 47(4-5) 812-818. 

Bohn, A. and B.W. Fallis. 1978. Metal concentrations (As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in shorthorn sculpins, Myoxocephalus scorpius (Linnaeus), and Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus), from the vicinity of Strathcona Sound, Northwest Territories. Water Res. 12 659-663. 

Krishnakumar, P.K., P.K. Asokan, and V.K. Pillai. 1990. Physiological and cellular responses to copper and mercury in the green mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus). Aquat. Toxicol. 18 163-174. 

Holm, G., L. Norrgren, and O. Linden. 1991. Reproductive and histopathological effects of long-term experimental exposure to bis(tributyltin)oxide (TBTO) on the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus. Jour. Fish Biol. 38 373-386. 

Ovemell, J., T.C. Fletcher, and R. McIntosh. 1988. The apparent lack of effect of supplementary dietary zinc on zinc metabolism and metallothionein concentrations in the turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (Linnaeus). Jour. Fish Biol. 33 563-570. 

Arunlertarce, C. and H. Kawatsu. 1992. Acute toxicity of paraquat to various developmental stages of common carp, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus. Japan. Soc. Fish Pathol. 27 63-68. 

Peer, M.M., J. Nirmala, and M.N. Kutty. 1983. Effects of pentachlorophenol (Na PCP) on survival, activity and metabolism in Rhinomugil corsula (Hamilton), Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus) and Tilapia mossambica (Peters). Hydrobiologia 107 19-24. 

The descendants of slaves, along with many other minorities in the United States, have had an historical, and to some extent continuing, experience of oppression and discrimination. The scientific and medical professions participated in that experience. The "scientific racism" of the nineteenth century predated the (re)discovery of genetics in 1900 one could date it at least to Linnaeus eighteenth-century classification of humans into four subspecies with its assignment of superiority to his own European subspecies. When the science of genetics arrived with the twentieth century, genetic explanations were quickly advanced for the perceived inferiority of minorities. 

Hayden H, Blomster J, Maggs C, Silva P, Stanhope M, Waaland J (2003) Linnaeus was right all along Ulva and Enteromorpha are not distinct genera. Eur J Phycol 38 277-294 Hill RW, Dacey JWH, Edward A (2000) Dimethylsulfoniopropionate in giant clams (Tridacnidae). Biol Bull 199 108-115... 

Sawyer went on to cite Blumenbach (indirectly, via Webster s Dictionary) and his five-tiered scheme of races Caucasian ( or white race, in Sawyer s words, comprising the greater part of European nations and those of western Asia ), Mongolian, Ethiopian, American, and Malay. He discussed the competing scientific schemes offered by Linnaeus, Buffon, and Cuvier to demonstrate the disagreement within the scientific community, but pointed out that no one includes the white, or... 

To acquire information on the intrinsic metabolic activity of aquatic organisms, liver of carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and freshwater snail (Cipango-paludina japonica Martens) was dissected out, homogenized in 0.1M phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, and centrifuged at 105,000 g for 60 min to obtain the microsome-equivalent (described as the microsomal fraction hereafter) fraction. The protein content of microsomal and submicrosomal (supernatant fractions by Lowry s method, microsomal P-450 content ( ), activity of aniline hydroxylase (4) and aminopyrine N-demethylase (5) were determined. 

Owre, O. T. and Northington, P. O. (1961). Indication of the sense of smell in the turkey vulture, Cathartes aura (Linnaeus) from feeding tests. American Midland Naturalist 66, 200. 

Prasad, N. L. N. S. (1989). Territoriality in Indian Blackbuck antelope. Antilope cervicapra (Linnaeus). Bombay ESaturalHistory Society Journal 86,187-193. 

Gittenberger, A. and C.A. Schipper (2008), Long live Linnaeus, Lineus longissimus the longest animal worldwide and its relatives occurring in the Netherlands. Zoologische Med., vol 79, 43-57, ISSN 0024-1652. 

A systematic evaluation of the biological position of living things started with Linnaeus in the 18 centxuy, albeit limited, with few exceptions, to conspicuous species. This lopsided bias has continued down to our days, judging from the meager number of taxonomists devoted to microorganisms, estimated to a mere 2-3% of the whole community of taxonomists (May 1994). 

Whenever possible, the fundamental binomial Linnaeus Latin names and the authorities of the taxonomic assignments are given. Widely understood, vulgarized taxonomic terms, are also used, such as ai iosperms and gymnosperms. Occasionally, the common names for terrestrial plants are also used, without fidl commitment, however, since they have no meaning outside the... 

Triterp. limatulane limatulone (Ardiet stropoda, Moll, from intertidal California Albizati 1985) launched ,. and (Diatom., also found in sediments, C 16.1 Belt 2001) ambrein ambergris (sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758, Odontoceta, Mamm. from all oceans MI). 

Madrepora oculata Linnaeus, 1758, Scleractinia, Cnid. 10-hydroxy substituted polyunsaturated Qa, and C22 fetty acids Mancini 1999B... 

Medical (dentistry) bioadhesives/ Genex Corp. polyphenolic proteins marine Mytilm edulis Linnaeus, 1758, Bivalvia, Moll. Maugji 1988. 

These processes are normally enzyme-catalyzed. Purefy ctemical processes are seldom encountered with carbon conq)ounds in nature. The few exceptions include the very act of phenol coupling (by which racemic compounds are obtained), cyclization reactions ofpolyprenyl compoimds (which benefit from the preferred conformation of the reaction partners, suitable for the cyclization, Wendt 2000), and Diels-Alder cycloadditions. The latter have been advocated for the biosynthesis of celastroidine A (= volubilide) from a lupane triterpene and an abietane diterpene in two different plants, Hippocratea celastroides Kunth from Mexico (Jimenez-Estrada 2000) and Hippocratea volubilis Linnaeus (Alvarenga 2000). 

Carl von Linne (Linnaeus) described the Falun mine as follows .. . Out of the mine a constant smoke ascended. Never has a poet described a Styx, nor a theologian a hell so awful, as that seen here, for... 

Smith, Sm James Edward, A Selection of the Correspondence of Linnaeus... 

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