Taxonomic terms

Whenever possible, the fundamental binomial Linnaeus Latin names and the authorities of the taxonomic assignments are given. Widely understood, vulgarized taxonomic terms, are also used, such as ai iosperms and gymnosperms. Occasionally, the common names for terrestrial plants are also used, without fidl commitment, however, since they have no meaning outside the... 

The family for Jerusalem artichoke is therefore frequently written as Asteraceae (Compositae). The modem names were introduced as a way of standardizing taxonomic terms (e.g., all family names now end in aceae for ease of recognition), and to realign certain groupings so that each family has a nomenclatural-type specimen. The family Asteraceae contains 476 genera in total. The genus Helianthus has sometimes been placed in the subtribe Helianthinae of the family Asteraceae (e.g., Robinson, 1981). 

There can be little doubt that certain stresses have characteristic demographic consequences both for populations and for plant parts and it is also evident that, according to taxonomic and evolutionary history, species and genotypes may differ in their responses to the same stress. Thus, demographic study is often a useful preliminary to analysis of the causation and evolutionary origins of particular stress responses. However, some demographers go further and advocate long-term field observation as the only reliable way forward ... 

In the still-valid taxonomic model, microorganisms can be classified into the three domains ofeubacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. The three domains branched off very early in evolution, united by a common ancestor the corresponding picture of the relationships between the domains and kingdoms is termed the universal phylogenetic tree . 

The time scale of responsiveness clearly affects the ability of a microbial community to respond to dynamic fluxes of DOM and a major unanswered question is how common is the necessity for a taxonomic shift before detectable changes in degradative ability are evident Also, the time scale of observation will dictate which of these responses are documented, with short-term bioassays probably reflecting the extant community, whereas seasonal changes may include taxonomic replacement. Any particular question will have a logical time scale and this should govern the time span under consideration. 

Maltby et al. (2002) and Van den Brink et al. (2006a) compared SSDs based on acute and chronic laboratory toxicity data for aquatic test species exposed to pesticides. The SSDs were constructed with toxicity data for the most sensitive taxonomic group, because of the specific toxic mode of action of the pesticides selected. The SSDs were used to calculate the hazardous concentration to 5% of the species (HC5) by means of a log-normal distribution model, and comparisons were performed for 2 insecticides and 7 herbicides (Table 6.4). The log-normal model did not fit the diuron (herbicide) short-term L(E)C50 data or the atrazine (herbicide) long-term NOEC data. Consequently, the L(E)C50 HC5 value for diuron and the NOEC HC5 value for atrazine should be interpreted with caution, as well as their acute HC5-chronic... 

Estimates of HC5 in jg/L (with 95% confidence limits) for the most sensitive taxonomic group to pesticides in single-species short-term toxicity tests using L(E)C50 as the endpoint and long-term toxicity tests using NOEC as the endpoint... 

Spodoptera eridania (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) - the southern armyworm. This species was chosen for study because it is closely related to S. exigua, the beet armyworm, an insect which has periodically damaged fields of cultivated sunflower in the southern Great Plains (47). A laboratory colony of Sj, exigua could not be successfully maintained. Both S eridania and S. exigua are termed generalist feeders because they can feed on various organs of a variety of taxonomically-unrelated plants (48, 49). Experiments on S. eridania were performed in collaboration with Dr. K. Nakanishi s laboratory at Columbia University. 

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