Lining of Vessels

This chapter deals with the actual fabrication of linings for vessels, piping, valves, hose, expansion joints, and internals. It also deals with the shop and field assembly of these components. 

The lining options for vessels have been described in Ch. 4 and reproduced here to aid our discussion. The selection of lining technology depends on several factors such as chemical resistance, material availability, vessel size, heat transfer consideration, shop versus field application, and cost (Tables 

1 and 8.2). Details of construction of these five technologies are produced below. 

PVDF (20-40 and up to 90 when reinforced with carbon cloth) 

Technology Materials (sizes in milli-inches) Fabrication Design Size limit, ft 2 NDT Repair 

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British Standard Code of Practice CP3003 Lining of Vessels and Equipment for Chemical Processes, Part 9 Titanium. ... 

British Standard Code of Practice C.D. 3 003 Linings of Vessels and Equipment for Chemical Processes. Part 1 Rubber, Part 2 Glass Enamel, Part 3 Lead, Part 4 P.V.C., Part 5 Epoxy Resins, Part 6 Phenolic Resin, Part 7 Corrosion and Heat Resistant Materials, Part 8 Precious Metals, Part 9 Titanium and Part 10 Brick and Tile... 

The Indian Standard for lining of vessels and equipment for chemical processes, IS 4682-1 [22], mentions that the use of linings with rubber for protection against corrosion has been the normal industrial practice for more than half a century. The lined vessels and tanks are quite suitable for use either under vacuum condition or high pressure conditions. The appropriate thicknesses for rubber linings are recommended in this standard for various corrosive and abrasive conditions as follows ... 

Large-diameter horizontal vessels are best supported with 168° saddles. Larger saddle angles do not effectively contribute to lower shell stresses and are more difficult to fabricate. The wear plate need not extend beyond center lines of vessel in any case or 6° beyond saddles. 

PFA finds many applications in the chemical process industry for corrosion resistance. Applications includes lining for pipes and vessels. Reference [2] details the use of PFA in lined process pipe and information on lining of vessels can be found in References [3,4]. 

The refractory and acid-resistant lining of vessels shall be inert towards the materials being handled. Surfaces in contact with the reactants shall be corrosion-and erosion-resistant. They can be applied with a layer of screened cpharmaceutical industries or if it forms part ement paste and made smooth. 

Elastomers, both natural and synthetic, are used for the lining of vessels and piping. These linings have provided many years of service in the protection of steel vessels from corrosion. They are sheet applied and bonded to a steel substrate. The bonding agent used is dependent upon the specific elastomer. 

The advantages of the fluoroelastomers lies in their high degree of resistance to aggressive media. Their cost is less than the perfluoroelastomers but greater than other elastomeric materials used for the lining of vessels. 

An example of how to deal with a typical NPSH problem Ls shown in Exhibit 8-2. The required NPSH in this example is 22 ft (6,700 mm). If a horizontal pump is used, the bottom tangent line of vessel A must be a minimum of 22 ft (6,700 mm) above the centerline elevation of the shaft. If a vertical pump is used, the... 

Contact Adhesives. Nowadays, rubber solutions based on natural rubber or styrene-butadiene rubber, optionally in conjunction with regenerate and depolymerized rubber, are used for large-area bonding where adhesion does not have to meet stringent requirements, as is the case, for example, with the lining of vessels, containers, etc. with rubber. 

Rubber-to-Metal Bonding. In the Ebonit or hard rubber process [76], the bonding agent is a reaction product of natural or synthetic rubber with 30-40% sulfur, which is thermoplastic in character, adheres firmly to metal, and provides for good adhesion to soft rubber. This process is still in use today in the lining of vessels and, to a certain extent, in the manufacture of large-diameter rolls. 

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